# Inzira Curricula Reference Generated 2026-06-13 from the live course catalog. Each module's topics are the in-content section headings — use this as the storyboard / shot-list reference for video content. **At a glance:** 42 courses · 461 modules · 6 subjects ## Table of contents - [Artificial Intelligence](#artificial-intelligence) - [Biology](#biology) - [Chemistry](#chemistry) - [Computer Science](#computer-science) - [Mathematics](#mathematics) - [Physics](#physics) ## Artificial Intelligence ### Grade 10 Artificial Intelligence **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Artificial Intelligence course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Deep Learning** · 60 min - Going Deeper: Why Depth Matters - Activation Functions — and Why They Matter - Overfitting and Regularisation - Batch Normalisation (Intro) - Optimisers: SGD vs Adam (Intuition) - Vanishing and Exploding Gradients - Tuning Hyperparameters: A Keras Example - **Module 2: Transfer Learning & Fine-tuning** · 60 min - Why Transfer Learning? - The Core Idea: Base + New Head - Feature Extraction vs Fine-tuning - Popular Pre-trained Models - Domain Adaptation - Practical Workflow in Keras - **Module 3: Generative AI & GANs** · 60 min - What Is Generative AI? - GANs: A Contest of Two Networks - Other Generative Models (Overview) - What Can Generative AI Make? - Risks: Deepfakes & Misinformation - Responsible Use - **Module 4: Large Language Models** · 60 min - What Is a Large Language Model? - Tokens and Next-Token Prediction - How LLMs Are Trained (Overview) - Prompting and Prompt Engineering - Capabilities and Limitations - Using an LLM API - LLMs for Low-Resource Languages - **Module 5: AI for Scientific Discovery** · 60 min - Science Meets Machine Learning - Drug Discovery and Protein Folding - The Data-Driven Discovery Pipeline - Genomics, Materials and Beyond - Limitations and Cautions - **Module 6: Medical Imaging & Diagnostics AI** · 60 min - Why Medical Imaging Needs AI - How a CNN “Sees” Disease - Screening, Triage and Accuracy - Regulation, Ethics and Human-in-the-Loop - **Module 7: AI in Financial Services** · 60 min - Money Moves on Data - Fraud Detection - Credit Scoring and Decisions - Other Uses: Chatbots, KYC and AML - Fairness and Explainability - **Module 8: Autonomous Systems & Robotics** · 60 min - What Makes a System Autonomous? - The Parts of a Robot - Self-Driving Vehicles and Drones - Learning to Act: Reinforcement Learning - Safety and Ethics - **Module 9: Explainable AI (XAI)** · 60 min - Why Explainability Matters - Black-Box vs Interpretable Models - Global vs Local Explanations - Feature Importance - SHAP and LIME — the Intuition - The Accuracy–Interpretability Trade-off - **Module 10: AI Safety & Alignment Basics** · 60 min - What Is AI Safety? - Alignment — Intended vs Actual Behaviour - The Three Pillars: Specification, Robustness, Assurance - The Main Risks - Value Alignment and Human Oversight - Current Safety Practices & Responsible Deployment - **Module 11: African AI Initiatives** · 60 min - The African AI Landscape - Language and Data: Masakhane - Policy: AU Strategy and Smart Africa - Challenges and Opportunities - Rwanda’s Leadership - **Module 12: AI Project: End-to-End Implementation** · 60 min - The End-to-End AI Pipeline - Worked Project: A Crop-Disease Classifier - Deployment and Monitoring - Tools, Reproducibility and Ethics - Grade 10 AI — Review of the 12 Topics ### Grade 11 Artificial Intelligence **Grade level:** Grade 11 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 11 Artificial Intelligence course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Machine Learning Theory: Bias-Variance** · 60 min - The Goal: Generalisation - Bias and Variance Defined - The Error Decomposition - Diagnosing With Learning Curves - Regularisation and Cross-Validation - The No-Free-Lunch Idea - **Module 2: Advanced NLP: Transformers & BERT** · 60 min - The Problem With Reading Word by Word - Self-Attention: The Core Idea - The Transformer Architecture - Tokenisation: Breaking Text Into Pieces - BERT, GPT, and Pretrain-then-Fine-tune - **Module 3: Computer Vision: Advanced Methods** · 60 min - Beyond Classification - Object Detection: YOLO and Faster R-CNN - Segmentation, Generation, and Vision Transformers - Data Augmentation - Evaluation: IoU and mAP - Deploying on Edge Devices - **Module 4: Reinforcement Learning: Deep RL** · 60 min - Learning by Doing - The Markov Decision Process (MDP) - Q-Learning and Value Functions - Deep Q-Networks and Policy Gradients - Exploration and Reward Shaping - Famous Results and Real Challenges - **Module 5: MLOps & Model Deployment** · 60 min - From Notebook to Production - The Machine-Learning Lifecycle - Versioning: Data, Model and Code - CI/CD for Machine Learning - Serving: How Users Reach the Model - Containers and Docker - Monitoring in Production - Scaling - **Module 6: AI Ethics & Governance Frameworks** · 60 min - Why AI Needs Ethics - The Core Principles - The Global Governance Frameworks - Risk Tiers & Impact Assessments - Bias Audits & Impact Assessments - Regulation vs Innovation - Rwanda’s Approach - **Module 7: AI Research Methodologies** · 60 min - Where AI Knowledge Comes From - The Research Process - Datasets, Benchmarks and Baselines - Reproducibility & Ablation - Experimental Design & Statistics - Writing & Peer Review - Ethics in Research - **Module 8: AI for Climate & Environment** · 60 min - A Tool for a Warming World - Climate Modelling & Prediction - Remote Sensing - Disaster Early Warning - Energy, Biodiversity & Precision Agriculture - Carbon Tracking & the Cost of AI - **Module 9: Healthcare AI Applications** · 60 min - Why Healthcare Is a Frontier for AI - Diagnosis: Imaging and Symptoms - Screening, Triage and Health Chatbots - Drug Discovery and Epidemic Prediction - The Clinical AI Workflow - Evidence, Validation, Regulation and Equity - **Module 10: AI Entrepreneurship & Startups** · 60 min - Spotting an AI-Solvable Problem - Validating the Idea - Data Strategy and the MVP - Business Models, Funding and Talent - Go-to-Market, Scaling and Pitfalls - Rwanda’s Startup Ecosystem - **Module 11: Capstone Design: AI for Rwanda** · 60 min - Problem and Stakeholder Analysis - Requirements - Data Sourcing and Ethics - Choosing the AI Approach and Architecture - Evaluation, Deployment and Risk - The Project Plan - **Module 12: Capstone Execution & Presentation** · 60 min - Building the Data Pipeline - Training and Evaluating the Model - Deploying a Demo and Documenting - Measuring Impact Against Success Criteria - Presenting, Defending and Communicating - Grade 11 AI in Review ### Grade 12 Artificial Intelligence **Grade level:** Grade 12 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 12 Artificial Intelligence course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Multi-Agent & Reinforcement Learning** · 60 min - Learning From Reward - From One Agent to Many - A Little Game Theory - Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning - Policy-Gradient & Actor-Critic Methods - The Hard Problems of MARL - **Module 2: LLM Architecture & Scaling Laws** · 60 min - From Words to Tokens - Inside the Transformer - Pretraining: Predict the Next Token - Scaling Laws - Emergent Abilities - Adapting Models: Prompting, RAG, Fine-Tuning - Making Models Efficient - **Module 3: AI Safety Research** · 60 min - The Alignment Problem - Specification Gaming & Reward Hacking - Robustness - Interpretability - Oversight, RLHF, and Its Limits - Evaluation & Red-Teaming - Catastrophic and Systemic Risks - **Module 4: Frontier AI Agents & Agentic Systems** · 60 min - From Models to Agents - The Agent Loop - Tool Use & Function Calling - Memory & Planning - Multi-Step Reasoning: Chain-of-Thought & ReAct - Multi-Agent Orchestration & Frameworks - Risks & Guardrails - **Module 5: AI & Global Development** · 60 min - Why AI Matters for Development - AI for the Sustainable Development Goals - AI in the Global South: Opportunity and Risk - Inclusive AI - AI and the Future of Work - International Cooperation - **Module 6: Research Methods in AI** · 60 min - The Research Lifecycle - Questions, Hypotheses and Literature Review - Experimental Design: Controls, Baselines, Ablations - Statistics and Significance - Reproducibility - Writing Papers, Peer Review and Ethics - **Module 7: AI Governance & Policy (Advanced)** · 60 min - Why Govern AI? - Comparative Governance Frameworks - Risk-Based Regulation - Standards, Audits and Accountability - Balancing Innovation, Rights and Safety - International Coordination and the Policy Process - **Module 8: AI Entrepreneurship & Commercialisation** · 60 min - From Research to Product - Identifying a Market Need - Business Models and Unit Economics - Data and IP Strategy - Go-to-Market, Scaling and Teams - Funding, Responsibility and Pitfalls - **Module 9: Rwanda Vision 2050 & AI Strategy** · 60 min - Vision 2050 and the Digital Economy - The National AI Policy (2023) - C4IR, Smart Rwanda and Smart Africa - AI in Rwanda’s Priority Sectors - Talent, Infrastructure and Data - Becoming an African AI Hub - **Module 10: Independent AI Research** · 60 min - What Is Independent Research? - Choosing a Question and Reviewing the Literature - Methodology and Ethical Data - Building and Rigorously Evaluating - Analysing Results and Stating Limitations - Communicating and Reproducibility - **Module 11: Senior Thesis: AI Solution Part A** · 60 min - The Senior Thesis and Choosing a Problem - Stakeholders, Needs and Existing Solutions - Requirements and Success Criteria - Data, Governance and Ethics - AI Approach and System Architecture - Risk, Impact and the Project Plan - **Module 12: Senior Thesis: AI Solution Part B** · 60 min - From Design to Build - Implementing and Iterating - Evaluating Against Success Criteria - Deploying a Demo and Documenting - Measuring Impact and Writing the Report - Defending, Reflecting and Looking Ahead - Grade 12 AI — The 12 Topics in Review ### Grade 7 Artificial Intelligence **Grade level:** Grade 7 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 7 Artificial Intelligence course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: What is Artificial Intelligence?** · 60 min - AI in Simple Words - Human Intelligence vs Machine Intelligence - Narrow AI and General AI - A Short, Friendly History of AI - Examples of AI Around Us - What AI Is NOT (Busting Myths) - AI vs Traditional Programming - **Module 2: AI in Everyday Life in Rwanda** · 60 min - AI Is Closer Than You Think - Smartphone Features - Mobile-Money Fraud Detection - Social-Media Feeds and Recommendations - Online Translation (Kinyarwanda Too!) - Chatbots and Customer Service - Agriculture and Weather Apps - **Module 3: How Computers Learn: Simple Patterns** · 60 min - Learning From Examples, Not Rules - Patterns and Prediction - The Three Steps of Training - Supervised Learning: Labelled Examples - More Good Data Helps - Worked Example: Sorting Beans by Features - **Module 4: Data & Information: The Fuel for AI** · 60 min - What Is Data? - Types of Data - Data vs Information - Why AI Needs Lots of Good Data - Garbage In, Garbage Out - Where Data Comes From and the Data Pipeline - An Introduction to Data Privacy - **Module 5: Introduction to Algorithms** · 60 min - What Is an Algorithm? - Everyday Algorithms Around Us - Algorithms in Artificial Intelligence - Flowcharts: Drawing an Algorithm - Pseudocode: Writing an Algorithm in Words - The Three Building Blocks - Tracing an Algorithm - **Module 6: AI Ethics: Fairness & Responsibility** · 60 min - What Are Ethics, and Why Do They Matter? - Fairness and Bias - Responsibility and Accountability - Privacy and Personal Data - Honesty About Using AI - AI for Good vs AI for Harm - Being a Responsible AI User - **Module 7: Rule-Based Systems & Decision Trees** · 60 min - What Is a Rule-Based System? - If-Then Rules - Decision Trees - Building a Decision Tree by Hand - Rules vs Learning - Advantages and Limits - **Module 8: Image Recognition: How Machines See** · 60 min - How Computers Store an Image - Making Colours from Numbers - How AI Recognises an Object - Training with Labelled Images - Everyday Examples - Accuracy and Mistakes - **Module 9: Voice Assistants & Natural Language** · 60 min - Talking to Machines - How a Voice Assistant Works, Step by Step - What NLP Can Do - Machine Translation - Why Kinyarwanda Is Harder for Machines - **Module 10: AI in Agriculture & Farming** · 60 min - Farming Is the Heart of Rwanda - Spotting Crop Diseases from a Photo - Predicting Weather and Harvests - Soil, Water and Pests - Drones, Satellites and Market Prices - **Module 11: AI in Healthcare** · 60 min - A Helper for Health Workers - Helping to Diagnose Illness - Predicting Outbreaks and Talking to Patients - New Medicines and Flying Deliveries - Benefits and Cautions - **Module 12: Designing an AI Solution** · 60 min - Thinking Like a Designer - The Six Steps Explained - A Worked Example: Helping a Rwandan Farmer - Presenting Your Idea - Grade 7 AI Review — The Twelve Topics ### Grade 8 Artificial Intelligence **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 8 Artificial Intelligence course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Machine Learning Introduction** · 60 min - What Is Machine Learning? - The Three Types of Machine Learning - The Machine Learning Workflow - Features and Labels - How Does a Model "Learn"? - A First Look at scikit-learn - **Module 2: Data Collection & Preparation** · 60 min - Why Data Preparation Matters - The Data Pipeline - Cleaning the Data - Feature Types: Numeric and Categorical - The Train/Test Split Idea - Cleaning Data with pandas - Data Ethics and Consent - **Module 3: Training & Testing AI Models** · 60 min - The Train/Test Split - Training and Evaluating a Model - Overfitting and Underfitting - Measuring Performance: Metrics - Cross-Validation (An Introduction) - Train/Test Split in scikit-learn - Improving a Model - **Module 4: Classification Algorithms** · 60 min - What Is Classification? - Features and Decision Boundaries - Three Classifier Algorithms - Evaluating a Classifier - A Classifier in scikit-learn - **Module 5: Regression: Predicting Numbers** · 60 min - What Is Regression? - Features and Target - Linear Regression: The Line of Best Fit - Measuring Error: How Good Is the Line? - Simple vs Multiple Regression - Overfitting and Underfitting - Regression in Code (scikit-learn) - **Module 6: Clustering: Finding Groups** · 60 min - What Is Clustering? - Seeing Clusters: Before and After - K-Means: The Most Popular Method - Choosing the Number of Clusters, k - Clustering vs Classification - Clustering in Code (scikit-learn) - **Module 7: Neural Networks: The Basics** · 60 min - Inspiration From the Brain - The Artificial Neuron - Layers: Building a Network - How a Network Learns - What Is Deep Learning? - A Tiny Neuron in Code - **Module 8: AI Tools & Platforms** · 60 min - The AI Toolkit - The Language: Python - The Libraries - No-Code and Low-Code AI Tools - Cloud AI Services and APIs - Datasets and Notebooks - From Idea to Model - **Module 9: Bias in AI Systems** · 60 min - What Is Bias in AI? - How Bias Enters the ML Pipeline - Real Examples of Harmful Bias - Fair vs Biased Outcomes - Measuring and Reducing Bias - Why Diverse Data and Teams Matter - **Module 10: Privacy & Data Rights** · 60 min - What Is Personal Data — and Why It Matters - Your Data Rights - How AI Uses Personal Data - The Risks: Surveillance, Leaks and Profiling - Protecting Yourself & Anonymisation - The Law: Rwanda and the GDPR - **Module 11: AI for Environmental Monitoring** · 60 min - Why the Environment Needs AI - Watching from Above: Satellites & Drones - Weather, Climate & Disaster Early Warning - Water, Air & Wildlife - Precision Agriculture for Sustainability - Rwanda Leading the Way - **Module 12: Build Your First ML Model** · 60 min - The Machine-Learning Workflow - Pick a Problem and Load the Data - Explore the Data - Split into Training and Testing Sets - Train, Evaluate and Predict - Reflect, Tips and Next Steps ### Grade 9 Artificial Intelligence **Grade level:** Grade 9 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 9 Artificial Intelligence course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Deep Learning Foundations** · 60 min - From Machine Learning to Deep Learning - The Artificial Neuron - Layers and Deep Networks - Forward Propagation - Loss Functions and Gradient Descent - Backpropagation, Epochs and Batches - Why Deep Learning Needs Data and Compute - **Module 2: Convolutional Neural Networks** · 60 min - Why CNNs for Images? - Convolution and Filters - Feature Maps - Pooling - A Typical CNN Architecture - Image Classification - Transfer Learning - **Module 3: Recurrent Neural Networks & Sequences** · 60 min - Sequence Data - Why Recurrent Networks? - The RNN Cell - Vanishing Gradients, LSTMs and GRUs - Sequence Tasks and Applications - A Note on Transformers - **Module 4: Natural Language Processing Basics** · 60 min - What Is NLP? - Text Preprocessing - Representing Text as Numbers - Common NLP Tasks - The Challenge of Kinyarwanda - **Module 5: Computer Vision Applications** · 60 min - What Is Computer Vision? - The Main Computer Vision Tasks - How It Works (The Intuition) - Pre-trained Models and APIs - Accuracy and Its Limits - The Ethics of Vision Technology - **Module 6: AI in Education Technology** · 60 min - What Is AI in Education? - Personalised and Adaptive Learning - Intelligent Tutoring — Like INZIRA - Automated Grading and Recommendation - Language Learning and Accessibility - Benefits and Concerns - **Module 7: Reinforcement Learning Introduction** · 60 min - What Is Reinforcement Learning? - The Agent, Environment, Actions and Rewards - The Reward Signal - Exploration vs Exploitation - A Tiny Taste of Q-Learning - How RL Differs from Other Learning - **Module 8: AI System Design & Architecture** · 60 min - More Than Just a Model - The End-to-End Architecture - The Components, Step by Step - The ML Lifecycle and MLOps - Serving Predictions Through an API - Offline vs Online, Scaling and Reliability - **Module 9: Evaluating AI Performance** · 60 min - Why Evaluation Matters - Train, Validation and Test Sets - The Confusion Matrix - Classification Metrics - The Precision / Recall Trade-off - Regression Metrics - Cross-Validation & Baselines - Avoiding Misleading Metrics - **Module 10: AI Regulation & Policy** · 60 min - Why AI Needs Governance - Core Principles of Responsible AI - The Global Landscape - Rwanda’s Approach - Regulating High-Risk AI - Balancing Innovation and Protection - **Module 11: AI for Sustainable Development** · 60 min - The Sustainable Development Goals - AI for Poverty, Hunger and Agriculture - AI for Health and Education - AI for Energy, Water and Climate - Opportunities and Risks - AI for Good in Africa and Vision 2050 - **Module 12: AI Research Project Introduction** · 60 min - What Is an AI Mini-Research Project? - The AI Research Process - Choosing a Good Question - Data, Approach and Evaluation - Planning, Documentation and a Timeline - Conclusions, Ethics and Presenting - Grade 9 AI — The Year in Review ## Biology ### Grade 10 Biology **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Biology course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Molecular Biology Techniques** · 60 min - Reading the Code of Life - DNA Extraction - Restriction Enzymes — Molecular Scissors - Gel Electrophoresis — Sorting DNA by Size - PCR — The Polymerase Chain Reaction - DNA Sequencing and DNA Profiling - **Module 2: Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology** · 60 min - What Is Genetic Engineering? - Recombinant DNA Technology - Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Important Applications - CRISPR — Precision Gene Editing - Ethics, Safety and Biosafety - **Module 3: Advanced Genetics** · 60 min - Beyond Mendel - Linkage and Crossing Over - Polygenic Inheritance and Continuous Variation - Multiple Alleles — ABO Blood Groups - Pedigree Analysis - Genetic Disorders and Genetic Counselling - **Module 4: Evolution: Evidence & Mechanisms** · 60 min - Natural Selection - Types of Selection - Evidence for Evolution - Speciation - The Hardy-Weinberg Principle (Idea Level) - Human Evolution Overview - **Module 5: Ecology: Communities & Succession** · 60 min - What Is a Community? - Interactions Between Species - The Ecological Niche - Ecological Succession - Keystone Species - Biomes: Communities on a Global Scale - **Module 6: Environmental Biology** · 60 min - Cycling Matter Through Ecosystems - The Carbon Cycle - The Nitrogen Cycle - The Water Cycle - Human Impact on the Environment - The Greenhouse Effect & Climate Change - Sustainability & Green Growth - **Module 7: Human Biology: Systems Review** · 60 min - The Body as a Team of Systems - Supplying the Cells: Three Systems, One Goal - Homeostasis: The Unifying Theme - Nervous and Endocrine Coordination - Systems Working Together During Exercise - **Module 8: Reproductive Technology** · 60 min - Human Fertility & the Menstrual Cycle - Assisted Reproductive Technology (IVF) - Contraception: Planning Families - Antenatal Care & Fetal Development - Family Planning & Health - **Module 9: Neuroscience Basics** · 60 min - The Neuron — The Body’s Wiring - The Nerve Impulse - The Synapse - The Nervous System: Central and Peripheral - The Brain and Its Regions - Reflexes vs Voluntary Actions - Drugs and the Nervous System - **Module 10: Pharmacology & Drug Action** · 60 min - What Is a Drug? - How Drugs Work: The Lock and Key - Types of Medicine - Administration and Dosage - Drug Resistance - Medicinal Plants and Drug Discovery - Drug Abuse and Addiction - **Module 11: Agricultural Biotechnology** · 60 min - Selective Breeding vs Genetic Modification - Improving Crops - Tissue Culture and Micropropagation - Biopesticides and Biofertilisers - Improving Livestock - Biotechnology and Food Security - **Module 12: Biology Research Methods** · 60 min - The Scientific Method - Experimental Design and Variables - Collecting and Presenting Data - Making Sense of Numbers - Reliability, Validity and Bioethics - Writing a Lab Report - Grade 10 Biology — A Year in Review ### Grade 11 Biology **Grade level:** Grade 11 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 11 Biology course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Molecular Genetics** · 60 min - The Molecule of Inheritance - DNA Replication in Detail - Transcription — Copying a Gene into RNA - The Genetic Code - Mutations and Their Effects - **Module 2: Genomics & Bioinformatics** · 60 min - What Is a Genome? - Sequencing Technologies - Bioinformatics — Biology Meets Computing - Applications of Genomics - Ethics and Data Issues - **Module 3: Cell Signalling & Regulation** · 60 min - Why Cells Must Communicate - Two Types of Receptor - Signal Transduction Pathways - Types of Signalling - Feedback Regulation - Apoptosis and Cancer - **Module 4: Developmental Biology** · 60 min - From Zygote to Organism - Stem Cells - Gene Regulation in Development - Stages of Embryonic Development - Regeneration, Plant Development and Ageing - **Module 5: Immunology in Depth** · 60 min - Two Lines of Defence - The Cells of the Immune System - Antibody Structure and Function - Clonal Selection - Primary and Secondary Responses - Vaccines and Immunological Memory - When Immunity Goes Wrong - Monoclonal Antibodies - **Module 6: Infectious Disease & Epidemiology** · 60 min - Pathogens and Transmission - The Language of Epidemiology - The Epidemic Curve - Modelling Spread: the SIR Idea - Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic - Surveillance and Outbreak Investigation - Control Measures - Case Studies - **Module 7: Neuroscience & Behaviour** · 60 min - Organisation of the Nervous System - The Nerve Impulse - The Synapse - Regions of the Brain - Learning and Memory - Innate and Learned Behaviour - The Brain and Mental Health - **Module 8: Plant Biology & Biotechnology** · 60 min - Transport in Plants - Plant Hormones - Tropisms: How Plants Respond - Reproduction and Propagation - Plant Biotechnology - **Module 9: Marine & Freshwater Biology** · 60 min - The World of Water - Zones of a Lake - Abiotic Factors in Water - Adaptations of Aquatic Organisms - Aquatic Food Webs & Productivity - Threats to Aquatic Ecosystems - Fisheries & Aquaculture - **Module 10: Conservation Genetics** · 60 min - What Is Genetic Diversity? - Measuring Genetic Diversity - The Problems of Small Populations - Effective Population Size - Conservation Strategies - Rwanda’s Endangered Species - **Module 11: One Health: Human-Animal-Environment** · 60 min - What Is One Health? - Zoonotic Diseases & Spillover - Antimicrobial Resistance Across Sectors - Environmental Drivers & Food Safety - Collaborative Surveillance - **Module 12: Research in Biology** · 60 min - Designing Biological Research - The Research Process - Quantitative Methods & Data Analysis - Qualitative Methods & Reading the Literature - Research Ethics & Communication - Grade 11 Biology — Course Review ### Grade 12 Biology **Grade level:** Grade 12 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 12 Biology course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Systems Biology** · 60 min - From Parts to Wholes: The Systems Approach - Biological Networks - Emergent Properties - Feedback, Robustness and Homeostasis - The Omics: Measuring Everything at Once - Modelling Biological Systems - **Module 2: Cancer Biology** · 60 min - What Is Cancer? - The Cell Cycle and Its Checkpoints - Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes - The Multi-Hit Model - Benign vs Malignant: Metastasis and Angiogenesis - Carcinogens, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention - **Module 3: Synthetic Biology** · 60 min - Engineering Biology - Standardised Biological Parts (BioBricks) - Gene Circuits and Logic in Cells - Engineered Organisms at Work - CRISPR and Genome Editing - The Design-Build-Test Cycle & Responsible Use - **Module 4: Advanced Ecology** · 60 min - Ecosystem Energetics - Trophic Levels and the 10% Rule - Nutrient Cycling - Population and Community Dynamics - Niches and Competitive Exclusion - Ecosystem Services, Resilience and Tipping Points - **Module 5: Climate Change & Biology** · 60 min - The Greenhouse Effect - The Carbon Cycle and Its Disruption - Evidence for Climate Change - Biological Impacts - Carbon Sinks - Mitigation and Adaptation - **Module 6: Bioremediation & Green Technology** · 60 min - What Is Bioremediation? - Phytoremediation: Plants as Cleaners - Biological Wastewater Treatment - Composting and Biogas - Biofuels and Biodegradable Materials - The Circular Bioeconomy - **Module 7: Medical Biotechnology** · 60 min - Recombinant Proteins - Monoclonal Antibodies - Gene Therapy - Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine - Personalised Medicine and Diagnostics - Vaccine Technologies - **Module 8: Neurological Disorders** · 60 min - The Nervous System in Health and Disease - Neurodegenerative Diseases - Stroke and Epilepsy - Mental Health Disorders - Diagnosis and Treatment - Brain Plasticity and Recovery - **Module 9: Global Health & Epidemiology** · 60 min - What Is Global Health? - Epidemiology: Study Designs - Measuring Disease - Epidemic Curves & the Epidemiological Transition - Major Global Diseases - Health Systems, UHC & Pandemic Preparedness - **Module 10: Agricultural Innovations for Rwanda** · 60 min - Food Security & the Role of Biology - Crop Improvement & Biofortification - Climate-Smart & Integrated Farming - Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Soil Health & Conservation - Livestock, Post-Harvest & Digital Agriculture - **Module 11: Biology Research Project** · 60 min - The Research Process - Research Question & Hypothesis - Experimental Design & Variables - Data Collection & Analysis - Conclusion, Evaluation & Writing Up - Rwanda-Relevant Project Ideas - **Module 12: Final Examination Preparation** · 60 min - Exam Structure & Strategy - Concept Summary — The Whole of Biology - Worked Exam-Style Questions - University & Career Pathways ### Grade 7 Biology **Grade level:** Grade 7 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 7 Biology course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Introduction to Biology & Life** · 60 min - What Is Biology? - The Seven Characteristics of Living Things - Living and Non-Living Things - Levels of Biological Organisation - The Microscope and Studying Small Life - **Module 2: Cell: The Unit of Life** · 60 min - The Discovery of Cells - Using a Light Microscope to See Cells - The Animal Cell - The Plant Cell - Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells - **Module 3: Plant Kingdom & Classification** · 60 min - Why Do We Classify Living Things? - The Classification Hierarchy - The Major Plant Groups - Monocots and Dicots - Parts of a Flowering Plant - **Module 4: Animal Kingdom & Classification** · 60 min - Vertebrates and Invertebrates - The Five Classes of Vertebrates - The Major Invertebrate Groups - Using a Simple Identification Key - **Module 5: Nutrition in Plants & Animals** · 60 min - Why All Living Things Need Food - Photosynthesis: How Plants Make Food - The Leaf: A Factory for Photosynthesis - How Animals Feed - A Balanced Diet for the Human Body - When Diet Goes Wrong: Deficiency Diseases - **Module 6: Respiration & Gaseous Exchange** · 60 min - Breathing Is Not the Same as Respiration - Aerobic Respiration - Anaerobic Respiration - The Human Respiratory System - Gas Exchange at the Alveoli - Gas Exchange in Plants - **Module 7: Transport in Living Organisms** · 60 min - Why Big Organisms Need Transport - Transport in Plants: Xylem and Phloem - The Human Circulatory System - The Heart and Its Four Chambers - Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries - What Is Blood Made Of? - **Module 8: Excretion & Homeostasis** · 60 min - What Is Excretion? - The Excretory Organs - The Urinary System - How the Kidney Works - Homeostasis: Keeping the Body Steady - **Module 9: Reproduction Basics** · 60 min - Why Living Things Reproduce - Asexual Reproduction — One Parent - Sexual Reproduction — Two Parents - The Flower — the Plant’s Reproductive Organ - Pollination - Fertilisation, Seeds and Fruits - Reproduction in Animals - **Module 10: Ecology & Ecosystems** · 60 min - What Is an Ecosystem? - Feeding Relationships - Food Chains and Food Webs - Energy Flow and Pyramids - Decomposers and Nutrient Cycling - **Module 11: Health & Disease** · 60 min - What Are Health and Disease? - Two Types of Disease - Pathogens — the Tiny Germs - The Malaria Transmission Cycle - The Body’s Defences (Immunity) - Preventing and Controlling Disease in Rwanda - **Module 12: Biology of Rwanda's Ecosystems** · 60 min - Rwanda — a Land of Biodiversity - Rwanda’s Major Ecosystems - A Rwandan Forest Food Web - Endemic and Threatened Species - Threats and Conservation - Grade 7 Biology — Review of the 12 Topics ### Grade 8 Biology **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 8 Biology course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Cell Biology** · 60 min - The Cell as a Living Factory - Cell Ultrastructure: The Organelles - Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells - The Cell Membrane and Transport - Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio - **Module 2: Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis** · 60 min - Why Do Cells Divide? - Chromosomes and DNA - Mitosis: Copying for Growth and Repair - Meiosis: Making Gametes - Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis - **Module 3: Plant Nutrition & Photosynthesis** · 60 min - Plants Make Their Own Food - The Equation for Photosynthesis - The Leaf: Adapted for Photosynthesis - Limiting Factors - Testing a Leaf for Starch - Mineral Nutrition - **Module 4: Human Nutrition & Digestion** · 60 min - A Balanced Diet - The Human Digestive System - Mechanical and Chemical Digestion - Absorption in the Small Intestine - Assimilation - **Module 5: Circulatory & Respiratory Systems** · 60 min - Why Do We Need a Transport System? - The Heart in Detail - Blood Vessels - The Composition of Blood - The Respiratory System & Breathing - Gas Exchange & Transport - **Module 6: Nervous System & Sense Organs** · 60 min - The Body’s Control Centre - The Neuron - The Reflex Arc - The Brain - The Eye and Vision - The Ear and the Skin - **Module 7: Musculoskeletal System** · 60 min - Functions of the Skeleton - Bone Structure and Types - Joints - Muscles - Calcium and Bone Health - **Module 8: Reproductive System** · 60 min - Why Reproduction Matters - The Male Reproductive System - The Female Reproductive System - Gametes: Sperm and Egg - The Menstrual Cycle - Fertilisation, Pregnancy and Development - Reproductive Health and Responsible Decisions - **Module 9: Genetics & Inheritance Basics** · 60 min - Chromosomes, Genes and DNA - Alleles: Dominant and Recessive - Genotype and Phenotype - The Monohybrid Cross & the Punnett Square - Sex Determination (XX and XY) - Inherited vs Acquired Characteristics - **Module 10: Evolution Introduction** · 60 min - Variation: No Two Alike - Natural Selection & Survival of the Fittest - Adaptation - Evidence for Evolution - Darwin’s Voyage and the Finches - Speciation and Evolution Happening Today - **Module 11: Microorganisms & Disease** · 60 min - What Are Microorganisms? - Useful Microbes - Harmful Microbes and the Diseases They Cause - How Pathogens Spread - Food Preservation and Hygiene - Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance - **Module 12: Conservation Biology in Rwanda** · 60 min - What Is Biodiversity? - Threats to Biodiversity - Conservation Strategies - Rwanda’s Success Stories - Sustainable Use & the Role of Citizens - Grade 8 Biology Review ### Grade 9 Biology **Grade level:** Grade 9 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 9 Biology course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Biochemistry: Molecules of Life** · 60 min - The Chemicals of Life - Water — the Molecule of Life - Carbohydrates - Lipids (Fats and Oils) - Proteins - Nucleic Acids — DNA and RNA - Testing for Food Molecules - **Module 2: Enzyme Action & Metabolism** · 60 min - What Are Enzymes? - The Active Site — Lock and Key - Temperature and Enzyme Activity - pH and Substrate Concentration - Inhibitors - Metabolism: Building Up and Breaking Down - **Module 3: Photosynthesis in Depth** · 60 min - The Great Equation - Inside the Chloroplast - Stage 1: The Light-Dependent Reactions - Stage 2: The Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) - Limiting Factors - Measuring the Rate - Why Photosynthesis Matters - **Module 4: Cellular Respiration** · 60 min - Releasing Energy from Food - ATP — the Energy Currency - The Mitochondrion - The Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration - Anaerobic Respiration - Respiration Compared with Photosynthesis - **Module 5: DNA Structure & Replication** · 60 min - What Is DNA? - The Building Blocks: Nucleotides - The Double Helix and Base Pairing - The Scientists: Watson, Crick and Franklin - DNA Replication - Why Replication Matters - **Module 6: Protein Synthesis** · 60 min - From Gene to Protein: The Central Dogma - RNA: The Messenger Molecule - Transcription: DNA → mRNA - The Genetic Code: Codons - Translation: mRNA → Protein - Mutations - **Module 7: Genetics: Mendelian Inheritance** · 60 min - The Language of Genetics - Mendel and His Laws - Monohybrid Crosses and the Punnett Square - Dihybrid Crosses and the Test Cross - Codominance and Incomplete Dominance - Sex-Linked Inheritance - **Module 8: Gene Expression & Regulation** · 60 min - What Is Gene Expression? - Switching Genes On and Off Saves Resources - The Operon: The lac Operon - Regulation in Eukaryotes: Transcription Factors - Differentiation: Making Specialised Cells - An Introduction to Epigenetics - **Module 9: Human Physiology: Hormones** · 60 min - The Endocrine System - Hormones as Chemical Messengers - Controlling Blood Glucose — Negative Feedback - Diabetes - Endocrine vs Nervous Control - **Module 10: Immune System & Disease** · 60 min - Pathogens and the Lines of Defence - Phagocytes and Antibodies - Active and Passive Immunity - Vaccination and Herd Immunity - When the Immune System Goes Wrong - **Module 11: Population Ecology** · 60 min - What Is a Population? - Population Growth Curves - Limiting Factors - Predator–Prey Relationships - Sampling: Counting Populations - Human Population Growth - **Module 12: Biodiversity & Conservation** · 60 min - What Is Biodiversity? - Measuring Biodiversity - Threats to Biodiversity - Conservation Strategies - Sustainable Development & Rwanda’s Leadership - Grade 9 Biology Review ## Chemistry ### Grade 10 Chemistry **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Chemistry course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Thermochemistry & Enthalpy** · 60 min - Energy in Chemical Reactions - Reaction-Profile (Energy-Level) Diagrams - Bond Energies and Calculating ΔH - Calorimetry: Measuring Heat with q = mcΔT - Hess’s Law and Enthalpy Cycles - Standard Enthalpy Changes - **Module 2: Chemical Kinetics** · 60 min - What Is the Rate of a Reaction? - Following a Reaction with a Graph - Collision Theory and Activation Energy - The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution - Factors that Change the Rate - The Arrhenius Idea and Reaction Mechanisms - **Module 3: Chemical Equilibrium & Le Chatelier** · 60 min - Dynamic Equilibrium - The Equilibrium Constant Kc - Le Chatelier’s Principle - Industrial Equilibria: Haber and Contact - **Module 4: Electrochemistry & Electrolysis** · 60 min - Redox and Oxidation Numbers - Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells - Electrolysis - Faraday’s Laws — Quantitative Electrolysis - Applications of Electrochemistry - **Module 5: Acid-Base Chemistry & Buffers** · 60 min - The Brønsted-Lowry Theory - Strong vs Weak Acids and Bases - pH, pOH and Kw - Titration Curves and Indicators - Buffer Solutions - Salt Hydrolysis - **Module 6: Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups** · 60 min - The Chemistry of Carbon - The Main Functional Groups - Drawing Structures - IUPAC Naming - Isomerism - Physical-Property Trends - **Module 7: Reactions of Organic Compounds** · 60 min - Combustion - Substitution Reactions - Addition Reactions of Alkenes - Oxidation of Alcohols - Esterification - Polymerisation - **Module 8: Polymers & Synthetic Materials** · 60 min - What Are Polymers? - Common Synthetic Polymers - Natural Polymers - Composites and Modern Materials - Plastics, Recycling and the Environment - **Module 9: Analytical Chemistry Methods** · 60 min - What Is Analytical Chemistry? - Qualitative Analysis — Testing for Cations - Testing for Anions and Gases - Quantitative Analysis — Titration - Gravimetric Analysis - Chromatography and Rf Values - **Module 10: Nuclear Chemistry** · 60 min - The Nucleus, Isotopes and Stability - Types of Radioactive Decay - Half-Life - Fission, Fusion and E = mc2 - Uses of Radioisotopes - Radiation Safety - **Module 11: Green Chemistry & Sustainability** · 60 min - What Is Green Chemistry? - Atom Economy - Reducing Waste, Hazard and Energy - Renewable Feedstocks & Biodegradable Products - Catalysis for Sustainability - Life-Cycle Thinking & Sustainable Industry - **Module 12: Chemistry Research Project** · 60 min - The Scientific Method - Research Question & Hypothesis - Variables and Controls - Method, Apparatus & Data Collection - Uncertainty & Reliability - Analysis, Conclusion & the Report ### Grade 11 Chemistry **Grade level:** Grade 11 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 11 Chemistry course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Thermodynamics** · 60 min - Energy and Enthalpy - Entropy — the Measure of Disorder - Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity - Temperature and Spontaneity - Born–Haber Cycles and Lattice Energy - Linking ΔG to K and to Cell Potential - **Module 2: Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry** · 60 min - From the Bohr Atom to the Quantum Atom - The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals - The Four Quantum Numbers - Filling Orbitals: Aufbau, Hund and Pauli - Writing Electron Configurations - Ionisation Energy: Evidence for Shells - **Module 3: Molecular Orbital Theory** · 60 min - From Valence Bond to Molecular Orbitals - Bonding and Antibonding Orbitals - MO Diagrams of Simple Diatomics - The Paramagnetism of Oxygen - Hybridisation and Molecular Geometry - Delocalisation and Resonance: Benzene - **Module 4: Coordination Chemistry** · 60 min - Properties of Transition Metals - Complex Ions, Ligands and Coordination Number - Naming Complexes - Shapes of Complexes - Crystal Field Theory and Colour - Isomerism in Complexes - **Module 5: Reaction Mechanisms** · 60 min - What Is a Reaction Mechanism? - Nucleophiles, Electrophiles and Intermediates - Free-Radical Substitution (Alkanes + Halogens) - Electrophilic Addition (Alkenes) - Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1 and SN2 - Electrophilic Substitution (Benzene) - The Rate-Determining Step - **Module 6: Spectroscopic Methods** · 60 min - Why Spectroscopy? - Mass Spectrometry - Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy - UV-Visible Spectroscopy and Colour - 1H NMR Spectroscopy (Introduction) - Combining the Techniques - **Module 7: Separation Techniques** · 60 min - Why Separate Mixtures? - Filtration and Crystallisation - Distillation - Solvent Extraction - Chromatography in Depth - Choosing a Technique and Checking Purity - **Module 8: Advanced Organic Synthesis** · 60 min - The Idea of Organic Synthesis - Functional-Group Interconversions - Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry - Planning a Multi-Step Synthesis - Protecting Groups (Introduction) - Yield and Atom Economy - Retrosynthesis (Introduction) - **Module 9: Biochemistry: Metabolism** · 60 min - The Biomolecules of Life - Enzymes: Nature’s Catalysts - ATP: The Energy Currency - Cellular Respiration - Photosynthesis: Building Food from Light - **Module 10: Pharmaceutical Development** · 60 min - How Drugs Work - Drug Discovery and Design - The Development Pipeline - Formulation, Dosage and Pharmacokinetics - Generics, Quality and Resistance - **Module 11: Materials Science** · 60 min - Classifying Materials - Metals and Alloys - Ceramics, Polymers and Composites - Nanomaterials and Semiconductors - Material Selection and Sustainability - **Module 12: Environmental & Industrial Chemistry** · 60 min - Industrial Chemistry Processes - Atmospheric Chemistry - Water, Soil and Heavy Metals - Pollution Control, Green Chemistry & the Circular Economy - Grade 11 Chemistry — Topic Review ### Grade 12 Chemistry **Grade level:** Grade 12 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 12 Chemistry course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Statistical Thermodynamics** · 60 min - From One Molecule to a Mole - Microstates and Macrostates - Entropy as S = k ln W - The Boltzmann Distribution - The Partition Function (Conceptual) - Temperature, Heat and the Laws — the Statistical View - Free Energy from a Molecular Perspective - **Module 2: Advanced Electrochemistry** · 60 min - Standard Electrode Potentials - The Galvanic Cell - The Nernst Equation - Linking ΔG, E°cell and K - Quantitative Electrolysis — Faraday’s Laws - Batteries and Fuel Cells - Corrosion and Its Prevention - **Module 3: Surface Chemistry & Catalysis** · 60 min - Adsorption: Physisorption vs Chemisorption - Colloids and Surface Phenomena - Catalysis: Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous - How Catalysts Work: Active Sites and Energy Profiles - Industrial Catalysts - Enzyme Catalysis and Nanocatalysis - **Module 4: Polymer Chemistry** · 60 min - What Is a Polymer? - Addition Polymerisation - Condensation Polymerisation - Copolymers - Structure and Properties - Molar Mass and Degree of Polymerisation - Biopolymers, Biodegradability and Recycling - **Module 5: Natural Products Chemistry** · 60 min - What Are Natural Products? - The Major Families in Detail - From Plant to Product: Extraction - Structure Elucidation - Bioactivity, Dyes and Pigments - **Module 6: Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry** · 60 min - What Is Medicinal Chemistry? - Drug Targets - SAR, Pharmacophores and Lead Optimisation - Pharmacokinetics (ADME) and Pharmacodynamics - Drug Classes and Resistance - The Drug-Development Pipeline - **Module 7: Analytical Instrumentation** · 60 min - Why Instrumental Analysis? - Chromatography: GC and HPLC - Mass Spectrometry - Spectroscopy: UV-Vis, IR, NMR and AAS - Quantitative Analysis and Calibration - Choosing a Method and Quality Control - **Module 8: Computational Chemistry Intro** · 60 min - Chemistry Inside a Computer - Two Families of Methods - The Modelling Workflow - Docking, DFT and Predicting Properties - Cheminformatics and Machine Learning - **Module 9: Chemistry of Energy Sources** · 60 min - Energy and Chemical Reactions - Fossil Fuels and Combustion - Comparing Energy Sources - Biofuels: Bioethanol, Biodiesel and Biogas - Hydrogen and Fuel Cells - Batteries and Energy Storage - Solar, Nuclear and the Energy Transition - **Module 10: Food Chemistry & Safety** · 60 min - The Chemistry of Food - Food Additives - Food Spoilage and Preservation - The Maillard Reaction - Food Contaminants and Toxins - Food Testing and Safety Standards - **Module 11: Chemistry Research Project** · 60 min - The Research Workflow - Research Question and Hypothesis - Experimental Design: Variables, Controls, Repeats - Data, Processing and Graphing - Uncertainty and Error Analysis - Evaluation, Writing-up and Ethics - **Module 12: Final Examination Preparation** · 60 min - Exam Strategy and Paper Structure - Concept and Formula Summary - Worked Exam-Style Questions - Overall Chemistry Review - University and Career Pathways ### Grade 7 Chemistry **Grade level:** Grade 7 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 7 Chemistry course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Introduction to Chemistry & Safety** · 60 min - What Is Chemistry? - The Chemistry Laboratory & Its Apparatus - Laboratory Safety Rules & Hazard Symbols - Measuring in Chemistry - The Scientific Method - **Module 2: Matter & Its Classification** · 60 min - What Is Matter? - The Three States of Matter - Changes of State - Diffusion and Brownian Motion - **Module 3: Physical & Chemical Changes** · 60 min - Two Kinds of Change - Signs of a Chemical Reaction - Everyday Examples in Rwanda - Conservation of Mass - **Module 4: Elements, Compounds & Mixtures** · 60 min - Building Blocks of Matter - A Glimpse of the Periodic Table - Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures - Separating Mixtures - **Module 5: Atoms: The Building Blocks** · 60 min - What Is an Atom? - A Short History of the Atom - Inside the Atom: Subatomic Particles - Atomic Number and Mass Number - The Nucleus and Electron Shells - Isotopes — Atoms of the Same Element That Weigh Differently - **Module 6: Periodic Table Introduction** · 60 min - Why We Need a Periodic Table - The Structure of the Table - Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids - Some Important Groups - Reading an Element's Box - **Module 7: Chemical Symbols & Formulae** · 60 min - Chemical Symbols — the Alphabet of Chemistry - Chemical Formulae - Counting Atoms in a Formula - Ions and Simple Valency - Naming Simple Compounds - **Module 8: Air & Water Chemistry** · 60 min - What Is Air Made Of? - The Important Gases and Their Uses - Combustion and Respiration - Water — the Compound H₂O - The Water Cycle and Water Treatment - Pollution of Air and Water - **Module 9: Acids, Bases & Salts Basics** · 60 min - What Are Acids? - What Are Bases and Alkalis? - Indicators — How We Test - The pH Scale (0–14) - Neutralisation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water - Everyday Salts - **Module 10: Metals & Non-metals** · 60 min - Two Families of Elements - Physical Properties - Chemical Properties — How Metals React - The Reactivity Series - Uses of Common Metals - Rusting (Corrosion) and Its Prevention - Rwanda’s Minerals — The Three T’s and Gold - **Module 11: Chemistry of Food & Nutrition** · 60 min - Food Is Chemistry - The Nutrients in Detail - Food Tests - Chemical Changes in Cooking and Digestion - Food Preservation Chemistry - Food Additives & Balanced Diet - **Module 12: Chemistry in Rwanda's Daily Life** · 60 min - Chemistry Is Everywhere - Chemistry in Agriculture - Mining, Water and Energy - Chemistry in the Home - Food, Drink and Building Materials - Bringing the Whole Course Together ### Grade 8 Chemistry **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 8 Chemistry course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Atomic Structure & Electron Configuration** · 60 min - The Building Blocks of Matter - Atomic Number and Mass Number - Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass - Electron Shells and Energy Levels - Writing Electron Configurations - Valence Electrons and Chemical Behaviour - **Module 2: Chemical Bonding: Ionic & Covalent** · 60 min - Why Do Atoms Bond? - Ionic Bonding: Transferring Electrons - Covalent Bonding: Sharing Electrons - Metallic Bonding: A Sea of Electrons - Properties Linked to Bonding - **Module 3: Chemical Equations & Balancing** · 60 min - Describing a Reaction: Word Equations - Symbol Equations and the Law of Conservation of Mass - Balancing Chemical Equations Step by Step - State Symbols - Types of Chemical Reaction - **Module 4: Mole Concept Introduction** · 60 min - Why Chemists Count in Moles - Avogadro’s Number - Relative Mass and Molar Mass - Converting Between Mass, Moles and Particles - Molar Volume of Gases - Putting It Together - **Module 5: Acids, Bases & pH Scale** · 60 min - What Are Acids and Bases? - Properties of Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Acids and Bases - The pH Scale - Indicators — Seeing pH - Measuring pH and Everyday Acids and Bases - **Module 6: Reactions of Acids & Bases** · 60 min - Neutralisation - Acids and Metals - Acids and Carbonates - Acids with Metal Oxides and Hydroxides - Making Salts - Naming Salts - **Module 7: Oxidation & Reduction Basics** · 60 min - Oxidation and Reduction with Oxygen - Oxidation and Reduction with Electrons — OIL RIG - Oxidising and Reducing Agents - The Reactivity Series and Displacement - Rusting and Corrosion - Everyday Redox - **Module 8: Water Chemistry & Purification** · 60 min - Water as a Solvent - Solubility and Concentration - Hard and Soft Water - Water Pollution and Disease - Treating Water to Make It Safe - Testing Water Quality - **Module 9: Organic Chemistry Introduction** · 60 min - Why Carbon Is Special - Hydrocarbons - The Alkane Family - Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - Combustion of Hydrocarbons and Fuels - **Module 10: Polymers & Plastics** · 60 min - Monomers and Polymers - Addition Polymerisation: Ethene → Polythene - Common Plastics and Their Uses - Thermoplastics vs Thermosets - Natural Polymers - The Plastic-Waste Problem and Recycling - **Module 11: Chemical Industries in Rwanda** · 60 min - What Is a Chemical Industry? - Cement — CIMERWA - Fertilisers — Feeding the Soil - Soap and Detergents — Saponification - Beverages and Food Processing - Mining and Mineral Processing - Safety and the Environment - **Module 12: Environmental Chemistry** · 60 min - Air Pollution - Water Pollution and Eutrophication - Soil Pollution and Heavy Metals - The Carbon Cycle (Chemistry View) - Waste Management and Green Chemistry - Grade 8 Chemistry — Topic Review ### Grade 9 Chemistry **Grade level:** Grade 9 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 9 Chemistry course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Atomic Theory** · 60 min - How Our Picture of the Atom Grew - Inside the Atom: Subatomic Particles - Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass - Electron Arrangement: Shells and Subshells - Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table - Forming Ions - **Module 2: Periodic Table Trends** · 60 min - Building the Modern Periodic Table - Periodicity: Why Patterns Repeat - Atomic Radius - Ionisation Energy - Electronegativity and Metallic Character - Group Properties and Reactivity - **Module 3: Chemical Bonding & Molecular Shape** · 60 min - Why Atoms Bond - Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonding - Bond Polarity - Intermolecular Forces - Molecular Shapes (VSEPR) - Structure Decides Properties - **Module 4: Stoichiometry & Calculations** · 60 min - The Mole and Molar Mass - Empirical and Molecular Formulae - Balancing Equations - Reacting Masses and Limiting Reagent - Percentage Yield and Percentage Purity - Concentration and Titration - **Module 5: Electrochemistry Basics** · 60 min - Oxidation and Reduction - Electrolysis - Electroplating - Simple Cells and Batteries - Fuel Cells (Introduction) - **Module 6: Reaction Rates & Factors** · 60 min - What Is the Rate of a Reaction? - Collision Theory - Factors Affecting Rate - Catalysts and Enzymes - **Module 7: Chemical Equilibrium Introduction** · 60 min - Reversible Reactions - Dynamic Equilibrium - Le Chatelier’s Principle - The Haber Process - The Contact Process (Overview) - **Module 8: Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons** · 60 min - Carbon and the Homologous Series - Alkanes - Alkenes (and a Note on Alkynes) - Reactions of Hydrocarbons - Crude Oil, Fractional Distillation and Cracking - **Module 9: Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats** · 60 min - The Chemistry of Food - Carbohydrates - Proteins and Amino Acids - Lipids: Fats and Oils - Food Tests in the Laboratory - Condensation, Hydrolysis & Energy from Food - **Module 10: Pharmaceutical Chemistry** · 60 min - What Is a Medicine? - How Drugs Work - Two Everyday Drugs: Aspirin & Paracetamol - Antibiotics & Antimalarials - Formulation, Dosage & Quality Control - Traditional Medicine, Discovery & Resistance - **Module 11: Agricultural Chemistry** · 60 min - Soil Chemistry & pH - Plant Nutrients & Deficiency Signs - Fertilisers - Liming Acidic Soils - Pesticides, Composting & the Nitrogen Cycle - **Module 12: Industrial Chemistry in Rwanda** · 60 min - Chemistry That Builds a Nation - Cement — CIMERWA - Mineral Processing - Soap & Detergents — Saponification - Food, Drink, Pharmaceuticals & the Chemical Economy - Grade 9 Chemistry — Review of the Twelve Topics ## Computer Science ### Grade 10 Computer Science **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Computer Science course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Python & Libraries** · 60 min - Comprehensions: Elegant Data Transformation - Lambda, map, filter and reduce - Generators and Iterators - Decorators: Wrapping a Function - Virtual Environments, pip and the Library Ecosystem - JSON and Calling a Web API - **Module 2: Data Science & Pandas** · 60 min - What Is Data Science? - Meet pandas: Series and DataFrame - Reading CSV, Selecting and Filtering - Grouping and Basic Statistics - Cleaning Messy Data - Visualising with matplotlib - **Module 3: Machine Learning Introduction** · 60 min - ML vs Traditional Programming - Types of Machine Learning - Features, Labels and the ML Workflow - A Worked Example with scikit-learn - Overfitting - Evaluating with Accuracy - **Module 4: Web Frameworks: Flask/Django Basics** · 60 min - Server-Side Web Development - What a Web Framework Does - Flask Basics: Routes and Templates - The MVC / MVT Pattern - Connecting to a Database - REST APIs: Returning Data, Not Pages - **Module 5: Software Engineering Principles** · 60 min - What Is Software Engineering? - The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) - Requirements Engineering - Design Principles - Testing - Documentation, Maintainability & Teamwork - **Module 6: Database: Advanced SQL & NoSQL** · 60 min - Beyond Simple Queries - Joins in Depth - Aggregate Functions, GROUP BY and HAVING - Subqueries, Views and Indexes - Transactions and ACID - NoSQL Databases and the Trade-offs - **Module 7: Computer Networks & Security** · 60 min - Network Architecture Revisited - Routing and Switching - Network Security Tools - Encryption and Public-Key Cryptography - Common Attacks and Mitigations - Principles of Secure Network Design - **Module 8: Cloud Computing Concepts** · 60 min - What Is Cloud Computing? - Service Models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS - Deployment Models: Public, Private, Hybrid - Benefits and Concerns - Major Providers - Virtualisation, Containers and Serverless - **Module 9: Artificial Intelligence Overview** · 60 min - What Is Artificial Intelligence? - A Brief History of AI - The Subfields of AI - Rule-Based AI vs Machine Learning - Everyday AI - Benefits, Risks and Ethics - **Module 10: Computational Problem Solving** · 60 min - Computational Thinking - A Problem-Solving Process - Algorithm-Design Techniques - Efficiency and Big-O - Worked Problem — Two Approaches - **Module 11: Open Source & Collaboration** · 60 min - What Is Open-Source Software? - Licences — the Rules of Sharing - Version Control with Git - GitHub, GitLab and Pull Requests - Contributing, Documentation and Community - **Module 12: ICT Project: Building a Solution** · 60 min - Finding a Real Problem - Requirements and Planning - Choosing the Tech Stack - Design — UI, Data and Architecture - Implementation - Testing, Deployment and Presentation - Grade 10 Computer Science — Topic Review ### Grade 11 Computer Science **Grade level:** Grade 11 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 11 Computer Science course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Algorithms & Complexity Analysis** · 60 min - Why Analyse Algorithms? - Big-O, Big-Omega and Big-Theta - The Common Complexity Classes - Analysing Loops - Analysing Recursion & Space Complexity - Divide and Conquer: Merge Sort & Quicksort - Choosing an Efficient Algorithm - **Module 2: Discrete Mathematics for CS** · 60 min - Why Discrete Mathematics? - Sets, Relations and Functions - Logic and Boolean Algebra - Proof Techniques (Introduction to Induction) - Combinatorics: Counting Possibilities - Graph Theory Basics - Number Theory: Modular Arithmetic - **Module 3: Advanced OOP & Design Patterns** · 60 min - The Four Pillars of OOP - Abstract Classes and Interfaces - Composition vs Inheritance - The SOLID Principles - Common Design Patterns - When to Use a Pattern - **Module 4: Full-Stack Web Development** · 60 min - What Is the Full Stack? - The Frontend - The Backend - Database Integration - Client–Server Data Flow (JSON & REST) - Building and Deploying a Full App - **Module 5: Data Science & Visualisation** · 60 min - What Is Data Science? - Data Wrangling with pandas - Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) - Statistics for Data Science - Data Visualisation with matplotlib & seaborn - Visualisation Principles & Telling a Story - Dashboards (Introduction) - **Module 6: Machine Learning: Supervised Methods** · 60 min - What Is Supervised Learning? - Regression: Predicting Numbers - Classification: Predicting Categories - Train, Validation and Test Sets - Overfitting, Underfitting & the Bias-Variance Idea - Evaluating Classifiers - **Module 7: Database Systems & Administration** · 60 min - Database Architecture - The Relational Model - Advanced SQL - Indexing & Query Optimisation - Transactions & ACID - Backup, Recovery, Security & Administration - **Module 8: Network Engineering & Security** · 60 min - Network Design & Engineering - IP Addressing & Subnetting - Routing & Switching (Introduction) - Network Security Architecture - Cryptography for Networks - Securing & Monitoring Infrastructure - **Module 9: Compiler Design Basics** · 60 min - From Human Language to Machine Instructions - Compiler vs Interpreter - The Phases of Compilation - Lexical Analysis (Tokenising) - Syntax Analysis, Grammars and the AST - Semantic Analysis, Code Generation and Optimisation - How Python Actually Runs - **Module 10: Operating Systems: Processes & Memory** · 60 min - What an Operating System Does - Processes and the Process Control Block - CPU Scheduling Algorithms - Threads and Concurrency - Memory Management: Paging and Virtual Memory - The File System and System Calls - **Module 11: Professional Ethics in ICT** · 60 min - Why Ethics Matters in Computing - Professional Codes of Conduct - Privacy and Data Protection - Intellectual Property and Licensing - Cybersecurity Ethics and Responsible Disclosure - AI Ethics: Bias, Accountability and Transparency - The Digital Divide, Accessibility and the Environment - **Module 12: Capstone Project Part A** · 60 min - Finding a Real Problem and Its Stakeholders - Requirements Gathering and Analysis - Feasibility and the Project Proposal - System Design: Architecture, Data and Interface - Choosing the Tech Stack - Project Planning: Timeline, Milestones and Risk - Grade 11 Computer Science — Year Review ### Grade 12 Computer Science **Grade level:** Grade 12 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 12 Computer Science course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Algorithms & Graph Theory** · 60 min - What Is a Graph? - Representing Graphs - Graph Traversal: BFS and DFS - Shortest Paths: Dijkstra’s Algorithm - Minimum Spanning Trees - Topological Sort - Greedy vs Dynamic Programming - **Module 2: Distributed Systems** · 60 min - What Is a Distributed System? - Why Distribute? - Architectures - Communication - Consistency and the CAP Theorem - Replication and Partitioning - Load Balancing - The Challenges of Distribution - **Module 3: Cybersecurity & Ethical Hacking** · 60 min - Security in Depth and the CIA Triad - Common Vulnerabilities (OWASP Top 10) - Penetration Testing and Ethical Hacking - Cryptography Applied - Secure Coding and Incident Response - Legality and Ethics - **Module 4: Artificial Intelligence Systems** · 60 min - Building an AI System End to End - Neural Networks - Deep Learning Overview - Using Pre-trained Models and APIs - Deploying and Monitoring AI - Responsible and Ethical AI - **Module 5: Big Data Technologies** · 60 min - What Is Big Data? - The ETL Data Pipeline - Distributed Storage: Hadoop and HDFS - Distributed Processing: MapReduce - Faster Processing with Apache Spark - Warehouses vs Lakes, Batch vs Stream - **Module 6: Blockchain & Decentralised Tech** · 60 min - What Is a Blockchain? - Cryptographic Hashing - How Blocks Form a Chain - Centralised vs Decentralised - Reaching Agreement: Consensus - Smart Contracts, Crypto and dApps - **Module 7: Computer Vision & NLP Basics** · 60 min - How Computers See: Images as Numbers - Computer-Vision Tasks - Using a Pre-trained Image Classifier - Natural Language Processing - Transformers and LLMs - Using Pre-trained Models and APIs - **Module 8: Embedded Systems & IoT** · 60 min - What Is an Embedded System? - Microcontrollers, Sensors and Actuators - A Simple Sensor-Reading Program - The Internet of Things (IoT) - Edge Computing and Security - Putting It Together - **Module 9: ICT Entrepreneurship in Rwanda** · 60 min - What Is Technology Entrepreneurship? - Finding Problems and Opportunities - Ideation and Validation - The Lean Startup: Build – Measure – Learn - Business Models - The Rwandan Tech Ecosystem - Funding and Pitching - Scaling Sustainably - **Module 10: Software Project Management** · 60 min - Why Project Management Matters - The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) - Waterfall vs Agile - The Scrum Framework - Planning the Work - Tracking Progress - Risk, Quality and Stakeholders - Tools of the Trade - **Module 11: Capstone Project Part B** · 60 min - From Design to Build - Setting Up the Environment - The System Architecture - Building the Database and Backend - Version Control Workflow - Testing the System - Debugging and Deployment - Documentation, Demo and Evaluation - **Module 12: Final Examination & Career Paths** · 60 min - Understanding the Exam - Complete Concept Summary - Worked Exam-Style Questions - Career Paths in Computer Science - Pathways After Grade 12 - The Rwandan Job Market & Vision 2050 ### Grade 7 Computer Science **Grade level:** Grade 7 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 7 Computer Science course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Introduction to Computers & ICT** · 60 min - What Is a Computer? - History and Generations of Computers - Types of Computers - The Input–Process–Output–Storage Model - ICT in Society and in Rwanda - Digital Literacy - **Module 2: Computer Hardware & Software** · 60 min - Hardware versus Software - The Main Hardware Components - Software: System and Application - How Hardware and Software Work Together - Units of Storage - **Module 3: Operating Systems & File Management** · 60 min - What an Operating System Does - Common Operating Systems - The Desktop and the GUI - Files, Folders and Paths - Basic File Operations - Backups and Organisation - **Module 4: Introduction to the Internet** · 60 min - What Is the Internet? - The Internet versus the World Wide Web - Web Browsers and URLs - Search Engines and Effective Searching - Email Basics - Cloud Services - **Module 5: Digital Safety & Cybersecurity** · 60 min - Why Digital Safety Matters - Common Online Threats - Strong Passwords & Authentication - Safe Browsing & Downloads - Privacy & Personal Data - Cyberbullying & Digital Citizenship - Protecting Your Devices - **Module 6: Scratch: Introduction to Programming** · 60 min - What Is Programming? - The Scratch Environment - Sequences, Events & Motion - Looks & Sound - Loops: Repeat & Forever - Conditionals: Making Decisions - Debugging - **Module 7: Algorithms & Problem Solving** · 60 min - What Is an Algorithm? - The Problem-Solving Process - Flowcharts & Their Symbols - The Three Building Blocks - Writing Pseudocode - Tracing an Algorithm - **Module 8: Data Representation: Binary Basics** · 60 min - Why Computers Use Binary - Bits and Bytes - Binary Place Values - Converting Binary and Decimal - Representing Text, Images and Sound - Units of Storage - **Module 9: Creating Documents & Spreadsheets** · 60 min - Productivity Software — The Office Toolkit - Word Processing — Writing Documents - Spreadsheets — Working with Numbers - Presentations — Slides for an Audience - Saving & File Formats - **Module 10: Digital Communication Tools** · 60 min - Talking at a Distance - Email — The Formal Letter of the Internet - Instant Messaging & Video Calls - Social Media & Responsible Use - Online Collaboration & Netiquette - **Module 11: Introduction to Databases** · 60 min - What Is a Database? - Tables, Records and Fields - Primary Keys - Flat-File vs Relational Databases - Searching & Sorting — Queries - **Module 12: ICT in Rwanda's Economy** · 60 min - Rwanda — A Digital Nation - E-government — Services Online - Fintech — Mobile Money - ICT Across the Economy - Innovation, Careers & Vision 2050 ### Grade 8 Computer Science **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 8 Computer Science course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Programming with Scratch: Advanced** · 60 min - From Beginner to Advanced Scratch - Variables and Lists - Custom Blocks (Procedures) - Nested Loops and Conditionals - Broadcasting and Messages - Cloning — Many From One - Game Mechanics: Score, Collision and Timing - Planning a Project - **Module 2: Introduction to Python Programming** · 60 min - Why Python? - How Python Runs Your Code - The REPL - Your First Program - Syntax Basics: Comments and Indentation - Errors: Syntax vs Runtime - **Module 3: Variables, Data Types & Input/Output** · 60 min - Variables and Assignment - Data Types - Type Conversion - Input and Output - String Formatting with f-strings - Arithmetic Operators - **Module 4: Conditional Statements & Loops** · 60 min - Booleans and Comparison Operators - if / elif / else - The while Loop - The for Loop and range() - break and continue - Nested Structures and Common Patterns - **Module 5: Functions & Modular Programming** · 60 min - Why Do We Need Functions? - Defining and Calling a Function - Parameters and Arguments - Returning Values - Scope: Local and Global Variables - Default and Keyword Arguments - Modules and import - Building a Small Modular Program - **Module 6: Lists & Data Structures Basics** · 60 min - What Is a List? - Indexing: Reaching One Item - Slicing: Taking a Piece - List Methods - Iterating Over a List - Nested Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries - Common List Algorithms - **Module 7: Introduction to HTML & Web Design** · 60 min - How Web Pages Work - The Structure of an HTML Document - Common HTML Tags - Tables - Styling with CSS - Building a Simple Page - **Module 8: Database Concepts & SQL Basics** · 60 min - What Is a Database? - Tables, Records and Fields - Relationships Between Tables - SQL: Asking the Database Questions - Adding, Changing and Deleting Data - **Module 9: Networks: LAN, WAN & Internet** · 60 min - What Is a Network and Why Use One? - Types of Network by Size - Network Devices - Network Topologies - How Data Travels: Packets, IP & DNS - Wired vs Wireless, and the Internet - **Module 10: Network Security Fundamentals** · 60 min - Why Network Security Matters - Threats to Networks - Security Measures - Encryption: Turning Plaintext into Ciphertext - Wireless Security & Safe Practices - The CIA Triad - **Module 11: Digital Media & Multimedia** · 60 min - What Is Digital Media? - Types of Media & File Formats - Compression: Lossy vs Lossless - Resolution, Bitrate & Colour Depth - Creating & Editing Media - Copyright & Licensing - **Module 12: Software Development Cycle** · 60 min - What Is the Software Development Cycle? - The Stages of the SDLC - Development Models: Waterfall vs Agile - Planning Tools: Flowcharts & Pseudocode - Version Control & Git - Teamwork, Documentation, Testing & Debugging - Grade 8 Computer Science — Topic Review ### Grade 9 Computer Science **Grade level:** Grade 9 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 9 Computer Science course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Python Programming: Functions & Modules** · 60 min - Why Functions? - Parameters and Return Values - Default, Keyword and Variable-Length Arguments - Variable Scope and the LEGB Rule - Documenting Functions - Modules and the Standard Library - Creating Your Own Module - An Introduction to Recursion - **Module 2: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts** · 60 min - From Real Things to Objects - Classes and Objects - The Constructor __init__ and self - Attributes and Methods in Action - Class vs Instance Attributes - Encapsulation - An Introduction to Inheritance - **Module 3: Data Structures: Stacks & Queues** · 60 min - Abstract Data Types - Stacks — Last In, First Out (LIFO) - Queues — First In, First Out (FIFO) - Building Them as Classes - Where Stacks and Queues Are Used - How Fast Are the Operations? - **Module 4: Searching & Sorting Algorithms** · 60 min - What Is an Algorithm? - Linear Search - Binary Search - Sorting: Putting Data in Order - Efficiency and Big-O - **Module 5: File Handling & Exceptions** · 60 min - Why Files Matter - Opening Files and File Modes - Reading Files - Processing CSV Data - Errors and Exceptions - Raising Exceptions & Validating Input - **Module 6: Web Development: HTML, CSS & JS** · 60 min - The Three Languages of the Web - HTML — Structure - CSS — Style - JavaScript — Behaviour - Putting It All Together — A Mini Calculator - **Module 7: Database Design & Normalisation** · 60 min - The Relational Model - Entities, Attributes and Relationships - Why Normalisation? - The Normal Forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) - SQL — Creating and Joining Tables - **Module 8: Computer Networks & Protocols** · 60 min - What Is a Network? - Network Models: OSI and TCP/IP - Common Protocols - IP Addresses, Ports and Subnetting - The Journey of a Web Request - **Module 9: Cybersecurity: Threats & Defence** · 60 min - Why Cybersecurity Matters - The Threat Landscape - The CIA Triad - Defences: Building Walls and Locks - Ethical Hacking & Security Testing - Incident Response - **Module 10: Operating Systems Concepts** · 60 min - What Is an Operating System? - OS Architecture: Kernel, Shell and Apps - Process Management - Memory Management and Virtual Memory - File Systems and Device Management - Types of OS and the Command Line - **Module 11: Computer Architecture** · 60 min - The von Neumann Architecture - Inside the CPU - The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle - The Memory Hierarchy - Buses, Binary and Machine Code - Performance: Clock Speed and Cores - **Module 12: Mobile App Development Intro** · 60 min - The Mobile Landscape - Native, Web and Cross-Platform Apps - App Components - The App Development Lifecycle - Tools and a First Look at Code - UX Basics and Making Money - Grade 9 Computer Science — Course Review ## Mathematics ### Grade 10 Mathematics **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Mathematics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Polynomials & Rational Expressions** · 60 min - What Is a Polynomial? - Polynomial Long Division - The Remainder and Factor Theorems - Roots and the Shape of a Polynomial - Rational Expressions - Partial Fractions - Polynomial Inequalities and Sign Charts - **Module 2: Coordinate Geometry in Depth** · 60 min - Distance, Midpoint and Gradient Revisited - The Equation of a Circle - Where a Line Meets a Circle - Locus — Paths Defined by a Rule - Transformation Geometry - **Module 3: Trigonometry & Applications** · 60 min - Naming the Parts of a Triangle - The Sine Rule - The Cosine Rule - Area of a Triangle - Bearings and Navigation - Trigonometry in Three Dimensions - Trig Equations and the Pythagorean Identity - **Module 4: Statistics & Data Analysis** · 60 min - Populations, Samples and Sampling Methods - Descriptive Statistics — A Recap - Scatter Diagrams and Correlation - The Least-Squares Regression Line - The Normal Distribution - **Module 5: Probability Distributions** · 60 min - Discrete Probability Distributions - The Binomial Distribution B(n, p) - The Poisson Distribution - From Distributions to Inference - **Module 6: Matrices & Transformations** · 60 min - Matrix Operations — A Recap - Determinants - The Inverse of a 2×2 Matrix - Transformation Matrices - A Preview of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - **Module 7: Vectors in 2D & 3D** · 60 min - Vectors in Two Dimensions — A Recap - Vectors in Three Dimensions - The Dot Product and the Angle Between Vectors - A Brief Look at the Cross Product - The Vector Equation of a Line - **Module 8: Functions & Their Graphs** · 60 min - What Is a Function? - Inverse Functions - Composite Functions - Transformations of Graphs - Piecewise Functions - **Module 9: Logarithms & Exponentials** · 60 min - Exponential Functions - What Is a Logarithm? - The Laws of Logarithms - Solving Exponential & Logarithmic Equations - Growth & Compound Interest - Decay & Half-Life - Logarithmic Scales - **Module 10: Financial Mathematics** · 60 min - The Time Value of Money - Annuities: Future & Present Value - Loans & Mortgages - The Amortisation Schedule - Investment Appraisal: NPV & IRR - Exchange Rates & Risk - **Module 11: Mathematical Modelling** · 60 min - The Modelling Cycle - Linear Models - Exponential Models - Population Models - Optimisation: Linear Programming - Validating & Refining - **Module 12: Advanced Problem Solving** · 60 min - Problem-Solving Strategies - Competition Number Theory - Counting: Permutations & Combinations - Proof by Induction - The IB Mathematical Exploration (IA) - Grade 10 Topic Review ### Grade 10 Mathematics: Complete Course **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 5 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Mathematics course covering polynomials, rational expressions, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, and statistics. Each module includes theory, worked examples, and practice exercises._ - **Module 1: Polynomials and Factoring** · 90 min - The Language of Polynomials - Adding, Subtracting and Multiplying - Polynomial Long Division - The Remainder and Factor Theorems - Factoring Techniques - Solving Equations by Factoring - **Module 2: Rational Expressions** · 80 min - What Is a Rational Expression? - Simplifying: Factor, Then Cancel - Multiplying and Dividing - Adding and Subtracting - The Sign Chart and Where an Expression Is Defined - Introduction to Partial Fractions - Applications: Average Cost and Rates - **Module 3: Coordinate Geometry** · 85 min - The Cartesian Plane - Distance and Midpoint - Gradient of a Line - The Equation of a Straight Line - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines - The Equation of a Circle - **Module 4: Trigonometric Ratios** · 90 min - Right-Triangle Trigonometry: SOH-CAH-TOA - Exact Values and Finding Angles - Angles of Elevation and Depression - Non-Right Triangles: The Sine and Cosine Rules - Area of a Triangle - Bearings - **Module 5: Statistics and Data Analysis** · 75 min - Sampling Methods - Averages: Mean, Median and Mode - Measures of Spread - Frequency Tables and Histograms - Scatter Diagrams and Correlation - The Normal Distribution - Course Review — The Five Topics ### Grade 11 Mathematics **Grade level:** Grade 11 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 11 Mathematics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Complex Numbers** · 60 min - Why We Need a New Kind of Number - The Complex Number z = a + bi - Arithmetic with Complex Numbers - The Argand Diagram - Polar (Modulus–Argument) Form - Solving Quadratics with Complex Roots - **Module 2: Binomial Theorem** · 60 min - Pascal’s Triangle - The Binomial Theorem - The General Term - The Binomial Series and Approximations - Combinations in Counting and Probability - **Module 3: Sequences: Arithmetic & Geometric** · 60 min - Arithmetic Sequences - Geometric Sequences - The Sum to Infinity - Sigma Notation and Standard Sums - Finance and Patterns in Nature - **Module 4: Differential Calculus Basics** · 60 min - The Idea of a Rate of Change - The Derivative from First Principles - The Differentiation Rules - Chain, Product and Quotient Rules - Standard Derivatives - Derivatives as Rates in the Real World - **Module 5: Integration Introduction** · 60 min - The Antiderivative — Undoing the Derivative - The Standard Integrals - The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem - Area Under a Curve - Area Between Two Curves - Integration by Substitution - **Module 6: Trigonometric Functions & Graphs** · 60 min - Radian Measure - Trig Functions for Any Angle - Trigonometric Identities - Graphs and Transformations - Modelling and Solving Equations - **Module 7: Statistics: Normal Distribution** · 60 min - The Shape of the Bell Curve - The Empirical Rule - The Standard Normal and z-Scores - The Inverse Normal - Normal Approximation to the Binomial - The Chi-Squared Test of Independence - **Module 8: Probability: Conditional & Bayes** · 60 min - Probability Rules Recap - Conditional Probability - Total Probability and Bayes’ Theorem - Choosing a Discrete Distribution - Expected Value and Decisions - **Module 9: Matrices & Linear Systems** · 60 min - Matrix Operations — A Quick Recap - The Augmented Matrix & Row Operations - Consistent vs Inconsistent Systems - Determinants & Cramer’s Rule - Matrices in Economics — Input-Output - Markov Chains & Long-Run Behaviour - **Module 10: 3D Vectors & Planes** · 60 min - 3D Vectors — Recap - The Equation of a Line in 3D - The Equation of a Plane - Distance from a Point to a Plane - Intersections - Angles Between Lines and Planes - **Module 11: Mathematical Induction** · 60 min - The Principle of Induction - Proving Sum Formulas - Divisibility Proofs - Inequality Proofs - Strong Induction & Well-Ordering - **Module 12: Exam Strategies & Revision** · 60 min - Understanding the Exam Structure - Key-Formula Reference Card - Worked Exam-Style Questions - Common Mistakes to Avoid - Grade 11 Topic Review - The Mathematical Exploration (IA) ### Grade 12 Mathematics **Grade level:** Grade 12 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 12 Mathematics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Differential Calculus** · 60 min - Implicit Differentiation - Related Rates - L'Hôpital's Rule - Higher Derivatives, Concavity & Inflection - Taylor & Maclaurin Series - **Module 2: Integration & Applications** · 60 min - Integration by Parts - Integration by Partial Fractions - Improper Integrals - Volumes of Revolution - Separable Differential Equations - **Module 3: Differential Equations** · 60 min - First-Order Separable Equations - First-Order Linear Equations - Second-Order Constant-Coefficient Equations - Modelling: Logistic Growth & Disease Spread - **Module 4: Statistical Inference** · 60 min - The Logic of Hypothesis Testing - The z-test and the t-test - Confidence Intervals for a Mean - Chi-Squared Tests - Inference on a Regression Slope - **Module 5: Probability Distributions Advanced** · 60 min - Continuous Random Variables - Mean and Variance - The Uniform Distribution - The Exponential Distribution - The Central Limit Theorem - **Module 6: Complex Numbers & Polar Form** · 60 min - Complex Numbers Recap - Polar (Modulus–Argument) Form - Euler’s Formula and the Exponential Form - De Moivre’s Theorem - Roots of Unity - **Module 7: Graph Theory Introduction** · 60 min - Graph Basics - Representing Graphs - Paths and Cycles - Trees and Spanning Trees - Planar Graphs and Colouring - **Module 8: Number Theory & Cryptography** · 60 min - Divisibility and Primes - Modular Arithmetic - Congruences and the Chinese Remainder Theorem - RSA Cryptography - **Module 9: Linear Programming** · 60 min - What Is Linear Programming? - Formulating a Problem - The Graphical Method - A Full Rwanda Example — Rwamagana Farmer - The Simplex Method — The Idea - Sensitivity Analysis and Shadow Prices - Transportation and Assignment Problems - **Module 10: Multivariable Functions** · 60 min - Functions of Two Variables - Partial Derivatives - The Gradient Vector - Critical Points and the Second-Derivative (D) Test - Constrained Optimisation — Lagrange Multipliers - Double Integrals — Volume Under a Surface - **Module 11: Research Project in Mathematics** · 60 min - What Is Mathematical Research? - The Research Cycle - Planning and Scope - Choosing a Topic — Rwanda Project Ideas - Writing the Report - Mathematical Communication - **Module 12: Final Examination Preparation** · 60 min - Exam Structure and Strategy - Complete Formula & Concept Summary - Worked Exam-Style Questions - Overall Grade 12 Review - University Pathways and Careers in Rwanda ### Grade 7 Mathematics **Grade level:** Grade 7 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 7 Mathematics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Number Systems & Integers** · 60 min - What Is a Number System? - Integers and the Number Line - Adding and Subtracting Integers - Multiplying and Dividing Integers - Order of Operations (BODMAS) - Factors, Multiples, HCF and LCM - **Module 2: Fractions, Decimals & Percentages** · 60 min - What Is a Fraction? - Equivalent Fractions and Simplest Form - Comparing and Ordering Fractions - The Four Operations on Fractions - Decimals - Percentages - **Module 3: Ratio & Proportion** · 60 min - What Is a Ratio? - Dividing a Quantity in a Given Ratio - Map Scales - Direct Proportion - Inverse Proportion - **Module 4: Introduction to Algebra** · 60 min - What Is Algebra and Why Use It? - Writing Expressions from Words - Evaluating Expressions by Substitution - Like Terms and Collecting Them - Expanding Single Brackets - Factorising Simple Expressions - Substituting into Formulas - **Module 5: Linear Equations** · 60 min - Equations as a Balance - One-Step Equations - Two-Step Equations - Equations with Brackets - Variable on Both Sides - Turning Word Problems into Equations - **Module 6: Geometry: Lines & Angles** · 60 min - The Building Blocks: Points, Lines, Rays - What Is an Angle? - Measuring Angles with a Protractor - Angle Relationships - Parallel Lines and a Transversal - Angles in a Triangle - **Module 7: Triangles & Congruence** · 60 min - Classifying Triangles by Sides - Classifying Triangles by Angles - Pythagoras’ Theorem - Testing for a Right Angle - Congruent Triangles - **Module 8: Perimeter, Area & Volume** · 60 min - Perimeter: Measuring the Boundary - Area: Measuring the Surface - Surface Area of Solids - Volume and Capacity - **Module 9: Statistics: Data Collection & Display** · 60 min - What Is Data? - Types of Data - Frequency Tables and Tally Marks - Bar Charts - Pie Charts - Line Graphs & Frequency Polygons - **Module 10: Probability Basics** · 60 min - How Likely Is It? - Sample Space and Outcomes - Calculating Simple Probability - Complementary Events - Theoretical vs Experimental Probability - Mutually Exclusive Events - **Module 11: Sets & Venn Diagrams** · 60 min - What Is a Set? - Subsets - Set Operations - Venn Diagrams - The Counting Formula - Sets in the Rwandan Context - **Module 12: Problem Solving & Mathematical Reasoning** · 60 min - Two Kinds of Reasoning - Polya’s Four-Step Method - Problem-Solving Strategies - Number Patterns and Sequences - Simple Logic - Grade 7 Mathematics Review ### Algebra Fundamentals **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 4 _Core algebra concepts_ - **Module 1: Introduction to Algebraic Expressions** - What Is Algebra? - Terms, Coefficients and Constants - Writing Expressions from Words - Evaluating Expressions by Substitution - Like Terms and Collecting Them - Expanding Single Brackets — The Distributive Law - Factorising a Common Factor - **Module 2: Solving Linear Equations** - What Is an Equation? - One-Step and Two-Step Equations - Equations with Brackets - Variables on Both Sides - Equations with Fractions - Forming Equations from Word Problems - Checking by Substitution - **Module 3: Graphing Linear Equations** - The Cartesian Plane - The Equation y = mx + c - Gradient: Rise over Run - Drawing a Line from Its Equation - The x- and y-Intercepts - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines - **Module 4: Systems of Linear Equations** - What Is a System of Equations? - Solving by Elimination - Solving by Substitution - The Graphical Method - Applications to Word Problems - Course Review: Algebra Fundamentals ### Grade 8 Mathematics **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 8 Mathematics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Squares, Cubes & Roots** · 30 min - Squares and Square Roots - Cubes and Cube Roots - Surds - The Index Laws - Standard (Scientific) Form - **Module 2: Algebraic Expressions & Identities** · 60 min - Expanding Brackets - The Three Special Identities - Factorising — The Reverse of Expanding - Simplifying Algebraic Fractions - **Module 3: Linear Equations & Inequalities** · 60 min - Linear Equations with Fractions - Simultaneous Equations - Linear Inequalities - Compound Inequalities & the Number Line - **Module 4: Coordinate Geometry** · 60 min - The Cartesian Plane - Distance and Midpoint - Gradient (Slope) - The Equation of a Straight Line - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines - **Module 5: Quadrilaterals & Polygons** · 60 min - The Quadrilateral Family - The Angle Sum of a Quadrilateral - Areas of Quadrilaterals - Regular Polygons and Their Angles - Tessellation - Similar Polygons - **Module 6: Circles: Properties & Calculations** · 60 min - The Language of Circles - Circumference and Area - Arcs and Sectors - Circle Angle Facts - Chords and Tangents - **Module 7: Surface Area & Volume of Solids** · 60 min - Prisms and Cuboids - Cylinders - Pyramids and Cones - Spheres - Composite Solids & Unit Conversions - **Module 8: Data Handling & Statistics** · 60 min - Averages: Mean, Median and Mode - Spread: Range and Quartiles - Frequency Tables and Histograms - Cumulative-Frequency (Ogive) Curves - Box Plots - Scatter Diagrams and Correlation - **Module 9: Probability: Experiments & Theory** · 60 min - A Quick Review of Probability - Combined Events — The Addition Rule - Sample-Space Diagrams — Two Dice - Tree Diagrams - Independent Events and a First Look at Conditional Probability - Expected Frequency - **Module 10: Introduction to Matrices** · 60 min - What Is a Matrix? - Addition, Subtraction & Scalar Multiplication - Matrix Multiplication - Determinant of a 2 × 2 Matrix - Inverse of a 2 × 2 Matrix and Solving AX = B - **Module 11: Financial Mathematics** · 60 min - Simple Interest - Compound Interest - Depreciation - Hire Purchase - Exchange Rates - Profit, Loss & Mark-Up - **Module 12: Mathematical Proof & Reasoning** · 60 min - Why Do We Prove Things? - Direct Proof - Proof by Contradiction: √2 Is Irrational - A Geometric Two-Column Proof - Proving Algebraic Identities - Disproof by Counterexample - Grade 8 Mathematics — Topic Review ### Mathematics (Grade 8 - Advanced tier) **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 6 _Help students strengthen core arithmetic and pre-algebra skills required for success in Grade 8 mathematics. Focus Areas: • Number sense and operations • Ratios and proportional reasoning • Linear equations and functions • Geometry foundations • Data interpretation and probabilit_ - **Module 1: Module 1: Numbers, Operations & Exponents** · 60 min - Integers and Rational Numbers - Order of Operations - Powers and the Index Laws - Square Roots, Cube Roots and Surds - Standard (Scientific) Form - **Module 2: Module 2: Ratios, Proportions, and Percent** · 60 min - Ratio and Simplifying - Dividing in a Ratio - Direct and Inverse Proportion - Percentages of a Quantity, Increase and Decrease - Reverse Percentages - VAT at 18% and Simple Interest - **Module 3: Module 3: Linear Equations and Functions** · 60 min - Solving Linear Equations - Linear Inequalities - The Function Concept - Graphing y = mx + c - Gradient and Intercepts - **Module 4: Module 4: Geometry & Measurement** · 60 min - Angles and Parallel Lines - Triangles and Pythagoras’ Theorem - Quadrilaterals and Polygons - Circles: Circumference and Area - Area, Surface Area and Volume of Solids - **Module 5: Module 5: Data Analysis & Probability** · 60 min - Mean, Median, Mode and Spread - Frequency Tables and Histograms - Bar Charts and Pie Charts - Probability of Single Events - Combined Events and Tree Diagrams - **Module 6: Module 6: Comprehensive Assessment** · 60 min - Topic Recap - Formula Reference Card - Worked Exam-Style Questions ### Mathematics (Grade 8 - Advanced tier) - Archive 1 **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 6 _Comprehensive Grade 8 Mathematics course covering foundational concepts including algebra, geometry, statistics, and problem-solving skills._ - **Module 1: Numbers and Operations** - Integers and Rational Numbers - The Number Line - Operations with Signed Numbers - Order of Operations (BODMAS) - Primes, Prime Factorisation, HCF and LCM - The Index Laws (Basics) - **Module 2: Expressions and Equations** - The Language of Algebra - Expanding Brackets - The Three Key Identities - Factorising - Solving Linear Equations - Solving Linear Inequalities - **Module 3: Functions and Relationships** - What Is a Function? - Linear Functions: y = mx + c - Gradient and Intercepts - Sketching Graphs - Interpreting Graphs - Direct Proportion - **Module 4: Geometry and Measurement** - Angles and Parallel Lines - Triangles and Pythagoras’ Theorem - Quadrilaterals and Polygons - Perimeter and Area - Surface Area and Volume - Units and Conversions - **Module 5: Statistics and Probability** - Averages and Range - Frequency Tables - Bar Charts and Pie Charts - Cumulative Frequency - Probability of a Single Event - Combined Events and Tree Diagrams - **Module 6: Problem Solving and Applications** - Polya’s Four-Step Method - Problem-Solving Strategies - Number Patterns and Sequences - Mathematical Modelling - Mixed Applied Problems - Course Review: The Six Topics ### Mathematics (Grade 8 - Intermediate tier) **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 6 _Sample course for demonstration_ - **Module 1: Number Systems and Operations** - Integers and Rational Numbers - The Number Line and Ordering - Operations with Integers - Order of Operations (BODMAS) - Powers, Square Roots and Cube Roots - Prime Factorisation, HCF and LCM - **Module 2: Algebraic Expressions and Equations** - The Language of Algebra - Collecting Like Terms - Expanding Brackets - Factorising a Common Factor - Solving Linear Equations - Forming Equations from Words - **Module 3: Linear Functions and Graphs** - The Cartesian Plane - Gradient and the Line y = mx + c - Building a Graph from a Table - Intercepts - Reading Real Linear Relationships - **Module 4: Geometry and Measurement** - Angles and Their Relationships - Triangles and Quadrilaterals - Perimeter and Area - Volume of Solids - Units: Hectares and Litres - **Module 5: Data Analysis and Probability** - Averages and Range - Frequency Tables and Bar Charts - Pie Charts - Introduction to Probability - **Module 6: Problem Solving Strategies** - Polya’s Four-Step Method - Key Strategies - Number Patterns and Sequences - Logical Reasoning - Bringing the Course Together ### Grade 9 Mathematics **Grade level:** Grade 9 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 9 Mathematics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Real Numbers & Number Theory** · 60 min - The Family of Real Numbers - Irrational Numbers - Turning Recurring Decimals into Fractions - Primes, the Sieve, and Divisibility - The Euclidean Algorithm for HCF - Modular (Clock) Arithmetic - **Module 2: Polynomials & Factoring** · 60 min - The Language of Polynomials - Adding, Subtracting and Multiplying - Polynomial Long Division - The Remainder and Factor Theorems - Factoring Techniques - Solving by Factoring & Simplifying Fractions - **Module 3: Simultaneous Equations** · 60 min - What Are Simultaneous Equations? - The Elimination Method - The Substitution Method - The Graphical Method - Word Problems - **Module 4: Quadratic Equations** · 60 min - What Is a Quadratic Equation? - Method 1 — Factorisation - Method 2 — Completing the Square - Method 3 — The Quadratic Formula - Method 4 — The Discriminant & Nature of Roots - Sum & Product of Roots; Forming Equations - The Parabola: Shape, Roots and Vertex - **Module 5: Trigonometric Ratios** · 60 min - Labelling a Right Triangle - The Three Ratios: SOH-CAH-TOA - Exact Values for 30°, 45° and 60° - Finding an Unknown Side - Finding an Unknown Angle (Inverse Trig) - Angles of Elevation and Depression - The Pythagorean Identity - **Module 6: Coordinate Geometry & Graphs** · 60 min - Functions, Domain and Range - Linear Functions: y = mx + c - Quadratic Functions and the Parabola - Proportion, Reciprocal and Exponential Graphs - Transformations of Graphs - **Module 7: Vectors Introduction** · 60 min - Scalars and Vectors - Column Vectors and Magnitude - Adding and Subtracting Vectors - Scalar Multiplication and Unit Vectors - Position Vectors and Midpoints - Resultant Vectors in Action - **Module 8: Circle Theorems** · 60 min - Circle Vocabulary - Angle at the Centre = 2 × Angle at the Circumference - Angle in a Semicircle = 90° - Angles in the Same Segment - Cyclic Quadrilateral: Opposite Angles Sum to 180° - Tangent Properties - Finding Angles with Reasons - **Module 9: Statistics: Measures & Spread** · 60 min - Measures of Central Tendency — A Review - Estimated Mean of Grouped Data - Median by Interpolation & the Modal Class - Measures of Spread - The Cumulative-Frequency Curve (Ogive) - Box Plots, Skewness & Outliers - **Module 10: Probability: Combined Events** · 60 min - Review: Basic, Mutually-Exclusive & Independent Events - Conditional Probability - Tree Diagrams & Total Probability - Dependent vs Independent: With or Without Replacement - Bayes’ Idea: Why Prevalence Matters - Expected Value & Decision-Making - **Module 11: Sequences & Series** · 60 min - What Is a Sequence? - Arithmetic Sequences (AP) - Geometric Sequences (GP) - Sum to Infinity & Recurring Decimals - Sigma Notation - Sequences in Finance & Nature - **Module 12: Examination Preparation** · 60 min - O-Level Exam Strategy (Rwanda NESA) - Key-Formula Reference Card - Worked Exam-Style Questions - Grade 9 Topic Review - Looking Ahead: Grade 9 → Grade 10 ## Physics ### Grade 10 Physics **Grade level:** Grade 10 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 10 Physics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics** · 60 min - Scalars and Vectors - Resolving Forces into Components - Free-Body Diagrams and Equilibrium - Newton's Laws of Motion - The Inclined Plane - Friction in Dynamics - Connected Bodies and Pulleys - **Module 2: Rotational Motion & Torque** · 60 min - Describing Rotation - Torque — the Turning Effect of a Force - Rotational Equilibrium - Moment of Inertia - Angular Momentum and Its Conservation - Rotational Kinetic Energy - **Module 3: Gravitation & Satellite Motion** · 60 min - Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - Gravitational Field Strength - How a Satellite Stays in Orbit - Geostationary Orbits - Escape Velocity - Weightlessness in Orbit - **Module 4: Fluid Mechanics** · 60 min - Density and Pressure - Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics - Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy - Fluid Flow and the Continuity Equation - Bernoulli's Principle - Viscosity - **Module 5: Thermal Physics & Gas Laws** · 60 min - Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium - Specific Heat and Latent Heat - The Gas Laws - The Ideal Gas Equation - The Kinetic Theory of Gases - Internal Energy and the First Law - Heat Engines and Efficiency - **Module 6: Oscillations & Waves** · 60 min - Simple Harmonic Motion - Period of a Pendulum and a Mass-Spring - Energy in SHM - Damping and Resonance - Wave Properties and the Wave Equation - Superposition and Standing Waves - **Module 7: Physical Optics** · 60 min - The Wave Nature of Light - Interference and Young’s Double Slit - Diffraction - The Electromagnetic Spectrum - Polarisation - Thin Films - **Module 8: Electric Fields & Capacitors** · 60 min - Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law - The Electric Field and Field Lines - Electric Potential and Potential Difference - Capacitors and Capacitance - Capacitors in Series and Parallel - **Module 9: Magnetic Fields & Forces** · 60 min - What Is a Magnetic Field? - The Force on a Current-Carrying Wire - The Force on a Moving Charge - Circular Motion of Charges in a Field - Magnetic Fields Made by Currents - The Electric Motor - **Module 10: Electromagnetic Induction** · 60 min - Magnetic Flux - Faraday’s Law and Induced EMF - The AC Generator - Transformers - Power Transmission and the National Grid - Eddy Currents and Inductance - **Module 11: Modern Physics Concepts** · 60 min - The Photoelectric Effect - Wave–Particle Duality - Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra - An Introduction to Special Relativity - The Quantum World Around Us - **Module 12: Physics Research & Applications** · 60 min - How Physics Is Investigated - Measurement and Uncertainty - Graphing and Analysis - Apparatus and Good Practice - Applied Physics in Rwanda - Careers and Research Pathways ### Grade 11 Physics **Grade level:** Grade 11 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 11 Physics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Classical Mechanics Review** · 60 min - Kinematics in Two Dimensions - Newton’s Laws, Friction and Inclines - Circular Motion and Centripetal Force - Momentum and Collisions - Systems of Particles and the Centre of Mass - **Module 2: Energy Methods in Mechanics** · 60 min - Work and the Work-Energy Theorem - Conservative vs Non-Conservative Forces - Energy Diagrams - Power - Conservation of Energy in Complex Systems - Work Done by a Variable Force - **Module 3: Special Relativity Introduction** · 60 min - Einstein’s Two Postulates - The Lorentz Factor - Time Dilation - Length Contraction and Simultaneity - Relativistic Momentum and E = mc² - **Module 4: Quantum Physics Foundations** · 60 min - Light as Photons - The Photoelectric Effect - Wave-Particle Duality and de Broglie - The Uncertainty Principle - Blackbody Radiation and Quantisation - **Module 5: Atomic Structure & Spectra** · 60 min - The Nuclear Atom - The Bohr Model and Energy Levels - The Electron-Volt - Photon Emission and Absorption - Line Spectra: Nature’s Fingerprints - Ionisation Energy - Lasers and Stimulated Emission - **Module 6: Nuclear Reactions & Energy** · 60 min - Inside the Nucleus - Mass Defect and Binding Energy - Binding Energy per Nucleon - Fission and Fusion - Radioactive Decay - Half-Life - Nuclear Energy: Benefits and Risks - **Module 7: Semiconductor Physics** · 60 min - Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors - Band Theory - Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Semiconductors - The p-n Junction and the Diode - The Transistor - LEDs, Photodiodes and Solar Cells - **Module 8: AC Circuits & Resonance** · 60 min - Alternating Current - Peak and RMS Values - Reactance of Capacitors and Inductors - Impedance and Phase - LC and RLC Circuits: Resonance - Power and Rectification - **Module 9: Electrodynamics** · 60 min - Two Fields, One Phenomenon - The Lorentz Force - Maxwell’s Equations — A Conceptual Tour - Electromagnetic Waves - The Electromagnetic Spectrum - **Module 10: Optics: Diffraction & Interference** · 60 min - Light as a Wave - Young’s Double-Slit Experiment - The Diffraction Grating - Single-Slit Diffraction and Resolution - Thin-Film Interference - **Module 11: Astrophysics & Cosmology** · 60 min - The Birth and Power of Stars - The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram - Luminosity, Brightness and the Inverse-Square Law - Measuring Distance: Parallax - The Doppler Effect, Redshift and an Expanding Universe - The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background - **Module 12: Experimental Physics Methods** · 60 min - Measurement and Uncertainty - Precision, Accuracy and Types of Error - Graphing Experimental Data - Significant Figures - Designing Experiments and Writing Reports - Grade 11 Physics — Topic Review ### Grade 12 Physics **Grade level:** Grade 12 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 12 Physics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Mechanics & Lagrangian** · 60 min - From Newton to a Deeper View - Generalised Coordinates - The Principle of Least Action - The Lagrangian and the Euler-Lagrange Equation - The Simple Pendulum by Lagrangian Method - Symmetry and Conservation (Noether's Idea) - Coupled Oscillations and Normal Modes - **Module 2: Quantum Mechanics Principles** · 60 min - A New Kind of Physics - The Wave Function and the Schrödinger Equation - The Particle in a Box - The Uncertainty Principle - Quantum Tunnelling - Superposition and Measurement - **Module 3: Solid State Physics** · 60 min - The Crystal Lattice - Band Theory - Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators - Doping and the p-n Junction - The Transistor - Superconductivity, LEDs and Modern Materials - **Module 4: Nuclear & Particle Physics** · 60 min - Nuclear Binding Energy and Stability - Radioactive Decay Laws - The Standard Model - The Four Fundamental Forces - Accelerators, Antimatter and the Higgs - Cosmic Rays - **Module 5: Relativistic Mechanics** · 60 min - The Two Postulates of Special Relativity - Spacetime and the Lorentz Transformation - Relativistic Velocity Addition - Relativistic Momentum and Energy - Mass-Energy Equivalence in Action - A Glimpse of General Relativity and GPS - **Module 6: Advanced Electrodynamics** · 60 min - The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism - Maxwell’s Four Equations - From Equations to Waves - Structure of an Electromagnetic Wave - Energy, the Poynting Vector and Radiation - Waveguides and Antennas — an Overview - **Module 7: Statistical Mechanics Intro** · 60 min - Microstates and Macrostates - Entropy: S = k ln W - The Boltzmann Distribution and Temperature - The Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed Distribution - The Laws of Thermodynamics, Statistically - Heat Engines and the Carnot Limit - **Module 8: Medical & Environmental Physics** · 60 min - Medical Imaging: Seeing Inside the Body - Attenuation and Radiotherapy - Radiation Dose and Protection - Energy Resources and Climate Physics - The Greenhouse Effect, Quantitatively - Pollution and Remote Sensing - **Module 9: Energy Technologies in Rwanda** · 60 min - Energy, Power and Rwanda’s Challenge - Hydropower: The Physics of Falling Water - Solar Photovoltaic Energy - Lake Kivu Methane: A Unique Resource - Biogas and Geothermal Potential - The Grid, Transmission, Storage and Access - **Module 10: Physics Research Project** · 60 min - From Curiosity to a Research Question - Variables and Control - Apparatus, Method and Data Collection - Uncertainty Analysis - Graphing, Linearisation and Gradients - Conclusion, Evaluation and Writing Up - **Module 11: Industry & Career Applications** · 60 min - Physics: The Foundation Beneath Industry - Engineering and the Energy Sector - Medical Physics, ICT and Electronics - Aviation, Space and Research - The Skills Physics Builds, and the Pathways - Physics and Rwanda’s Vision 2050 - **Module 12: Final Revision & Examination** · 60 min - Knowing the Exam - The Physics Formula Map - Fully Worked Exam-Style Questions - Overall Physics Review - University and Career Pathways ### Grade 7 Physics **Grade level:** Grade 7 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 7 Physics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Introduction to Physics & Measurement** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - What Is Physics? - Physical Quantities & SI Units - Measuring Instruments - Accuracy and Precision - Unit Prefixes & Conversions - Significant Figures & Scientific Notation - **Module 2: Matter: States & Properties** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - The Particle Model of Matter - The Three States of Matter - Changes of State - Density - Physical Properties of Matter - **Module 3: Forces & Motion Basics** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - What Is a Force? - Types of Force - Effects of Forces - Balanced & Unbalanced Forces - Speed - Distance–Time Graphs - Mass and Weight - **Module 4: Work, Energy & Power Concepts** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - Forms of Energy - Energy Transformations & Conservation - Work Done - Power - Efficiency - **Module 5: Heat & Temperature** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - Heat is Energy, Temperature is a Measure - Thermometers and Temperature Scales - Three Ways Heat Travels - Conductors and Insulators - Thermal Expansion - **Module 6: Light: Reflection & Refraction** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - Light Travels in Straight Lines - Reflection and the Law of Reflection - Refraction — Light That Bends - Lenses — Controlled Refraction - Dispersion and the Spectrum - **Module 7: Sound Waves Basics** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - Sound is Made by Vibrations - Sound Needs a Medium - Sound is a Longitudinal Wave - Pitch and Loudness - The Speed of Sound - Echoes — Reflection of Sound - The Human Ear - **Module 8: Magnetism & Electricity Introduction** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - Magnets and Their Poles - Magnetic Fields and Field Lines - The Earth as a Magnet - Static Electricity - Conductors and Insulators - A Simple Electric Circuit - **Module 9: Simple Machines** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - What Do Simple Machines Do? - The Six Simple Machines - Levers and the Three Classes - Mechanical Advantage - Pulleys - The Principle of Moments (Turning Effect) - Efficiency — No Machine Is Perfect - **Module 10: Pressure in Fluids** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - What Is Pressure? - Sharp Versus Wide - Pressure in Liquids Increases with Depth - Atmospheric Pressure - Floating, Sinking, and Upthrust - Hydraulics — Using Liquid Pressure - **Module 11: Earth & Space Basics** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - The Solar System - Day and Night — The Earth Spins - The Seasons — The Earth's Tilt - Gravity and Weight in Space - Phases of the Moon - Eclipses - Stars and Galaxies - **Module 12: Physics in Everyday Rwanda** · 60 min - 🎯 Learning Objectives - Energy that Powers Rwanda - Transport — Forces and Motion - Communication — Waves Everywhere - Construction — Forces, Materials, and Pressure - Health — Physics that Heals - Grade 7 Physics in Review ### Grade 8 Physics **Grade level:** Grade 8 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 8 Physics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Kinematics: Distance & Velocity** · 60 min - Distance and Displacement - Speed and Velocity - Acceleration - Distance–Time Graphs - Velocity–Time Graphs - The Equations of Motion - Free Fall and Gravity (g) - **Module 2: Newton's Laws of Motion** · 60 min - Forces — A Quick Reminder - Newton’s First Law — Inertia - Free-Body Diagrams - Newton’s Second Law — F = ma - Mass and Weight - Newton’s Third Law — Action and Reaction - Combining Forces (Resultant Force) - **Module 3: Friction & Circular Motion** · 60 min - What Is Friction? - Static and Kinetic Friction - Useful and Harmful Friction - Increasing and Reducing Friction - Circular Motion and Centripetal Force - Banking of Roads - **Module 4: Momentum & Impulse** · 60 min - What Is Momentum? - Impulse and Change in Momentum - Conservation of Momentum - Elastic and Inelastic Collisions - Safety: Crumple Zones and Airbags - **Module 5: Energy Types & Conservation** · 60 min - What Is Energy? - Kinetic Energy - Gravitational Potential Energy - Conservation of Mechanical Energy - Energy Transfers & Sankey Diagrams - Efficiency and Power - **Module 6: Thermal Physics & Heat Transfer** · 60 min - Temperature versus Heat - Specific Heat Capacity - The Three Ways Heat Travels - Latent Heat & Changes of State - Thermal Expansion - Insulation & Controlling Heat - **Module 7: Wave Properties** · 60 min - What Is a Wave? - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves - Describing a Wave - The Wave Equation - Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction - Mechanical versus Electromagnetic Waves - **Module 8: Electromagnetic Spectrum** · 60 min - One Family of Waves - The Seven Regions in Order - Properties and Uses of Each Region - Dangers of High-Energy Waves - The Same Speed for All - The Spectrum at Work in Rwanda - **Module 9: Electric Circuits: Series & Parallel** · 60 min - Current, Voltage and Resistance - Circuit Symbols - Ohm’s Law - Series Circuits - Parallel Circuits - Measuring: Ammeters and Voltmeters - Electrical Power - **Module 10: Magnetism & Electromagnetism** · 60 min - Magnets and Magnetic Fields - The Magnetic Effect of a Current - The Electromagnet - The Motor Effect - The Simple DC Motor - Electromagnetic Induction & Generators - **Module 11: Optics & Image Formation** · 60 min - Reflection in Mirrors - Refraction of Light - Lenses - Ray Diagrams and Image Formation - Magnification - The Human Eye and the Camera - **Module 12: Physics & Technology in Rwanda** · 60 min - Physics Powers a Nation - Electricity Generation and the Grid - Telecommunications - Transport and E-Mobility - Medical Technology - Energy Efficiency and Sustainability ### Grade 9 Physics **Grade level:** Grade 9 · **Modules:** 12 _A comprehensive Grade 9 Physics course aligned with the Rwanda CBC, US Common Core, and IB standards._ - **Module 1: Advanced Kinematics & Projectiles** · 60 min - Review: The Equations of Motion - Projectile Motion: Two Motions in One - Time of Flight, Maximum Height and Range - Graphs of Projectile Motion - Relative Velocity - **Module 2: Forces in Equilibrium** · 60 min - Forces as Vectors - Resolving Forces into Components - Moments and the Principle of Moments - Centre of Gravity and Stability - Couples - **Module 3: Work, Energy & Power (Advanced)** · 60 min - Work Done by a Force - Kinetic and Potential Energy - Conservation of Energy - Power - Efficiency and Energy in Machines - **Module 4: Pressure: Solids, Liquids & Gases** · 60 min - What Is Pressure? - Pressure in Liquids - Pascal’s Principle and Hydraulics - Atmospheric Pressure - Upthrust and Archimedes’ Principle - Gas Pressure and Boyle’s Law - **Module 5: Heat & Thermodynamics** · 60 min - Temperature and Heat — Not the Same Thing - Specific Heat Capacity (Q = mcΔT) - Latent Heat and Changes of State (Q = mL) - The Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Gas Laws - The First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines - **Module 6: Wave Motion & Sound** · 60 min - What Is a Wave? - Properties of a Wave - The Wave Equation (v = fλ) - Wave Behaviour: Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Interference - Sound as a Longitudinal Wave - Resonance, Standing Waves and Ultrasound - **Module 7: Light: Lenses & Optical Instruments** · 60 min - Refraction and Refractive Index - Total Internal Reflection and Fibre Optics - Lenses: Converging and Diverging - The Lens Equation and Magnification - Optical Instruments - **Module 8: Electricity: Ohm's Law & Circuits** · 60 min - Charge, Current, Voltage and Resistance - Ohm’s Law (V = IR) - Resistors in Series - Resistors in Parallel - Electrical Energy, Power and Cost - Household Wiring and Safety - **Module 9: Electromagnetism** · 60 min - The Magnetic Field of a Current - The Motor Effect and Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule - The Direct-Current (DC) Motor - Electromagnetic Induction - The AC Generator (Alternator) - Transformers and Power Transmission - **Module 10: Nuclear Physics Introduction** · 60 min - The Structure of the Atom - Atomic Number, Mass Number and Nuclide Notation - Isotopes - The Nuclear Model - Mass-Energy and Nuclear Stability - Fission, Fusion and the Sun - **Module 11: Radioactivity** · 60 min - Radioactive Decay - The Three Types of Radiation - Decay Equations - Half-Life - Detecting Radiation - Uses, Hazards and Safety - **Module 12: Environmental Physics** · 60 min - Energy Resources - Energy Efficiency - The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Physics - Pollution - Sustainable Energy for Rwanda - The Physics of Conservation - Grade 9 Physics — Topic Review ### Physics - Grade 9 **Grade level:** intermediate · **Modules:** 2 _Foundational Physics course for Grade 9 students covering motion, forces, energy, and waves. Aligned with Rwanda CBC._ - **Module 1: Chapter 1 | Module 1: Introduction to Physics** · 45 min - What Is Physics? - The Main Branches of Physics - Physical Quantities and SI Units - Prefixes and Scientific Notation - Measurement and Instruments - Accuracy, Precision and Uncertainty - The Scientific Method - **Module 2: Chapter 1 | Module 2: What is Motion?** · 30 min - What Is Motion? - Distance and Displacement - Speed and Velocity - Acceleration - Distance-Time Graphs - Velocity-Time Graphs - The Equations of Motion - Free Fall and Gravity (g) --- _This document is auto-generated. Re-run `python scripts/generate_curricula.py` to refresh, or download the current version from `/docs/curricula.md` on the platform._